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Motor - Coggle Diagram
Motor
Early Childhood
Factors for Development
- Physical: lower centre of gravity, larger, stronger
- Neural: myelination in cerebellum
- Opportunities: constantly moving
Fine Motor: small muscles (in hands/arms)
- Shoelaces, washing, buttons, zipping, utensils, scissors, doorknobs, drawing, stacking, fold paper, puzzles
Variation in Development
- Minor differences
- Sex: boys (muscle), girls (balance, coordination)
- Culture: childrearing
- BUT individual diff greater
- Depends on biological + experience + motivation
Gross Motor: large muscles (arms & legs)
- Walk/run, jump, throw/catch, climb, balance, swim
Drawing
- Early preschool: non-representational scribbles - sensory, expressive, with meaning
- 4y: representational - outlines, people
- 5-7y: more realistic, precursor to writing
Infants
Reflexes
Nature
- Automatic responses to stimuli
- First observable motor responses
- Diagnostic - neurological integrity
- Most disappear in first 6 months
Purpose
- Survival mechanisms for protection & food
Survival: breathing, rooting, sucking, swallowing, eyeblink, pupillary
Primitive: Moro, grasping, tonic neck, Babinski (toes), stepping, swimming)
Trends in Motor Dev
- Cephalocaudal: head to tail (e.g. arms before legs)
- Proximodistal: near to far (e.g. arms before fingers)
- BUT don't always follow trends + highly individual
- Depends on anatomy + environment + effort
Development
Reaching & grasping
- Birth: Pre-reaching (swiping) ->
- 4-5m: reaching + grasping (separately)
- 1yr: ulnar grasp -> pincer grasp
Walking
- Lift head (4w) -> roll (2-5m) -> sit & pull up (6-8m) -> cruise (7-10m) -> stand (10-13m) -> walk (12-14m) -> walk backwards (12-16m)
Culture & Experience
- Not large
- Depends on childrearing & opportunities
- Inconsistent/inconclusive sex differences - but boys tend to be more active (biological + gender roles)
Sport
Physical
- Pros: fitness/endurance, motor development
- Cons: injury
Psychological
- Pros: achievement motivation (desire to improve), teamwork
- Cons: concern with winning, blame, parental over-involvement
-
Cognitive, Neurological
& Sensory Influences
Impaired motor development
- Muscle tone (muscle contraction): too high (stiff, jerky), too low (floppy)
- Gross motor: coordination, posture
- Fine motor: incl speech
- Muscular strength (voluntary muscle contraction)
- Motor planning: -> falls, long time thinking
- Sequence & speed of mvt: slow, difficulty reading/writing stories
- Sensory integration: may dislike sense-related, overstimulated
Dyspraxia
Symptoms
- Difficulty planning & completing fine & gross motor tasks
- Often language, thought/perception, NOT intelligence
- Balance, posture, fatigue, clumsiness, speech, perception, hand-eye coordination
Causes
- Neurological: immaturity of motor neuron development - don't form proper connections
- Immaturity of organisation of movement
- Probably hereditary
Diagnosis
- By clinical/educational psych, pediatrician, OT
- Assessment: dev history (milestones), intellectual ability, gross & fine motor skills; balance, touch sensitivity, walking variations
Treatment
- Improve with help from OT, speech therapy, perceptual motor training, equine therapy, active play
Dyspraxia
- AKA motor learning difficulties, perceptuo-motor dysfunction, developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
- Prevalence: 10%, 2% severe, 4/5 boys
- Often have ADHD
Influences
Cognitive: mental
- Biological maturity + social experiences & direct learning
- Required for more complex skills
Neurological: nervous system
- Damage if reflexes persist too long
- Reflexes -> more involved skills
Sensory: from sense organs -> nerve centres
- Seeing, hearing, touching