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Biology, Evolution, and Variation, : - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Archaeological anthropology
        
        Study of past human societies, usually through material remains (“artifacts”)
        
        “Cultural anthropologists of the past”
        
        Why people behaved as they did
        
        Why cultural changes occurred
      - Biological anthropology
        
        Study of past and present:
        
        Human biological evolution
        
        Appeared in Africa 8 – 10 million years ago
        
        Study of the changes in physical and intellectual traits since then
        
        Earliest organisms with human traits = hominins
        
        Human biocultural variation
        
        Your biological makeup is influenced both by your inherited genes AND your environment
        
        Environment is...
        
        Physical activity
        
        Diet
        
        Physical climate
        
        Any cultural or social factors that influence these
        
        Stress
      - Cultural anthropology
        
        Study of the culture of present-day societies
        
        Often in non-Western settings
        
        Ethnography: Collection of qualitative data about beliefs, values, and social behaviors
        
        Observing
        
        Participating
        
        Surveying
        
        interviewing
      - Linguistic anthropology
        
        Study of the construction and use of language
        
        Structure
        
        Social And cultural context
        
        Evolution
    - - Cultural Resource Management (CRM)
      - Forensic Anthropology
      - Medical Anthropology
      - Non-government Organizations (NGO’s)
- - - - Interesting fact: Even when bipedal, apes walk “bent hip, bent knee” due to their anatomy
    - - First simple tools made from rocks ~2.6 million years ago in East Africa
      - Chimps can make simple tools
      - Objects used to manipulate environments
    - - Nonhuman primates do not use tools or travel long distances
    - - Plant and animal domestication began 11,000 to 10,000 years ago
      - Changed tools, mobility, health, behavior
- - - - Male Competition
      - Female Choice
  - - - Fitness is the quantitative representation of individual reproductive success
- - - - Helps deal with stressors
        
        Factors that can cause stress can affect function
        
        Think about what stressors are in an environment
      - Maintains homeostasis
        
        Maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable healthy range
    - - Developmental
        
        Individual
        
        During Growth & Development
        
        Not reversible
        
        E.g. High altitude = larger chest size
        
        Capacity to change is inherited
        
        Trait is not
      - Acclimatization
        
        Capacity to change is inherited
        
        Trait is not
        
        Reversible
        
        Tanning
        
        Vasodilation
        
        Individual
      - Genetic
        
        Inherited
        
        Not reversible
        
        population level
        
        via natural selection
      - Cultural
        
        Material culture to cope with environment
        
        Flexible
        
        Fast response
        
        Insulated clothing from cold
        
        Culturally dependent
    - - Bergmann’s Rule
        
        Within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger mass are found in colder environments, and species of smaller mass are found in warmer regions
      - Allen’s Rule
        
        Within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species in colder environments, have shorter appendages than those found in warmer regions