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Chap 3: ECOSYSTEMS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The rate that an ecosystem’s producers convert energy into biomass
    - - The rate that producers use photosynthesis to produce and store chemical energy minus the rate at which they use energy for aerobic respiration
- - - - Save money
      - Faster to carry out
    - - With culture tubes, aquariums, greenhouses, and in indoor/outdoor chambers with controlled variables (light, temperature, etc.)
    - - Not reflect reality well enough
  - - - Preventing and slowing ecosystem degradation
    - - Irreversible changes if passed
      - Avoid reaching or passing them
- - - - wherever life is found within the
        other three spheres
    - - A hot core, a thick, mostly rocky mantle
      - A thin outer crust
    - - Ice
      - Water
      - Water vapor
    - - Troposphere
      - Stratosphere
- - - - Organisms break down carbohydrates and other organic compounds in their cells to obtain the energy they need
        
        This is usually done through aerobic respiration
        
        The opposite of photosynthesis
        
        glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy
        C6H12O6 + 602 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
    - - Some decomposers get energy by breaking down glucose (or other organic compounds) in the absence of oxygen
      - The end products vary based on the chemical reaction: methane gas, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, hydrogen sulfide
- - - - Biogeochemical cycling,driven by incoming solar radiation and earth’s gravity continually
    - - Evaporation and
        Transpiration
      - Precipitation and
        Surface Runoff
    - - How does carbon cycle through the
        biosphere?
        
        Photosynthesis by producers
        
        Aerobic respiration by producers, consumers and
        decomposers
      - How Do Humans Alter the Carbon Cycle?
        
        Extracting and burning fossil fuels
        
        Clear cutting forests faster than they regrow
    - - How does nitrogen cycle through the
        biosphere?
        
        Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be absorbed or used directly
        
        Bacteria convert the nitrogen into a usable form
      - How Do Humans Alter the Nitrogen Cycle?
        
        Burning fossil fuels that adds nitric oxide to the atmosphere
        
        Removing atmospheric nitrogen to make fertilizer
    - - How does phosphorus cycle through the biosphere?
        
        Cycles through soils, rocks, water and plants
        
        Can be temporarily removed from natural cycling
        
        Nitrogen contributes to agricultural runoff
      - How Do Humans Alter the Phosphorus Cycle?
        
        Through clearing of tropical forests
        
        Agricultural runoff and topsoil
        erosion
        
        Mining phosphorus deposits to make fertilizer
    - - How does sulfur cycle through the biosphere?
        
        From active volcanoes
        
        From sea spray, dust storms, forest fires
        
        Absorption by plant roots
      - How Do Humans Alter the Sulfur Cycle?
        
        Releasing sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere