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Cognitive Dissonance: A drive or feeling of discomfort caused by…

- - - - The Ben Franklin Effect(justifying good deeds): It is when you are kind to someone whom you would not normally be kind to, and this create dissonance. To decrease dissonance, you would start to rationalise that this person is deserving of your kindness, and start to view them in a more positive light.
      - Justifying Bad Deeds: Changing your value (this is not too bad of a thing to do) or perception (the people on the receiving end of my bad deeds deserve it) to justify bad things that you have done to reduce the dissonance that you feel when you commit those things
    - - Counter-attitudinal Advocacy: Changing your cognition to justify behaving in a way that runs counter to your private thoughts and beliefs.
        
        High extrinsic reward for an unenjoyable task: People would still see the task as unenjoyable. There is the presence of external justification for what they did.
        Low extrinsic reward for an unenjoyable task: People would feel dissonance as they did something they didn't like without external justification. As such, they would rationalise that they indeed enjoy what they did
        
        Insufficient Punishment
        Severe punishment for enjoyable/tempting task: People would still see the task as tempting or enjoyable
        Mild punishment for enjoyable/tempting task: People would feel dissonance if they chose not to do something that they wanted to do, even though it warranted mild consequences. As a result, they would rationalise that they didn't want to partake in the activity in the first place.
    - - After a behavioural commitment has been made to one of two difficult competing options, an individual would feel dissonance arising from the cons of the option that they chose and the pros of the option that they did not choose. To decrease dissonance, the individual would up-play the cons of the option that they did not choose, and the pros of the option that they chose. They would also downplay the pros of the option that they did not choose, and the cons of the option that they did choose.
        
        The irrevocability or permanence of a decision is positively correlated with the amount of dissonance one would feel. The more permanent or irrevocable the decision, the stronger the need to reduce dissonance (the more rationalisation)
        
        Lowballing: A tactic used in sales to create the illusion that the customer has already committed to purchasing an item, and then increasing the price of the item slightly more than what was originally promised. Since the customer already believes or feels that they have committed to the deal, they would experience cognitive dissonance and start to rationalise that the deal is still desirable.
        
        Cognitive dissonance reduces people's feelings of disappointment by helping them to look for silver linings
        
        Impact Bias: The tendency to overestimate the intensity and duration of one's emotional reactions to future negative events