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PRONOUNS, Case, ARTICLES - Coggle Diagram
PRONOUNS
SPECIFIC
Relative
Introduce a relative clause
who, whom, which, whose, that, zero
Central
Personal
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
IT
Empty
it (it's raining)
Referring
it (she made soup and gave it to them)
Anticipatory
it (It's surprising that no one came)
WE
Inclusive
: you + I (when we go to the beach, we usually play volleyball)
Exclusive
: I + someone else (we went to the amusement park and had a good time)
Generic
: (we never know what will happen)
YOU
Generic reference
me, us, you, him, her, it, them
Reflexive
self-selves
Possessive
my, our, your, his, her, its, their / mine, ours, hers, his, theirs
Interrogative
who/whom/whose/what/which
Demonstrative
this, these, that, those
Marked for number and distance
Reciprocal
each other, one another
Characteristics
Person
1st (I, we) / 2nd (you) / 3rd (he/she/it/they)
Number
Singular / plural
Gender
personal / Masculine / feminine / non-personal
Reference
Anaphoric
('I went out with Ana. She looked awful.' ´She` refers to Ana) /
cataphoric
(Although I phone her every week, Cata still complains that I'm not in touch).
Indirect
Direct
Function as:
Independent
as:
Subject (
He was late
)
Object (
I saw him
)
Complement (
It was him / I gave it to him
)
Determiner
NON-SPECIFIC
Numeral
Ordinal
General (
next, last, other, another
)
Numerical (
first, second...
)
Cardinal (one, two...)
Numerical / Substitute (I have two cars; one is blue and...) / Generic (one has to admit that...) One.
Indefinite
Universal
Positive (
every one/thing, each, all, both
)
Negative (
no, none, neither
)
Partitive
Assertive (
some (+ day + time), something, somebody, someone
)
Non-assertive (
any / either
)
Quantifiers
few, little, a lot of, much, many, any, lots of, some
Case
Objective (me-us)
Subjective (I-we)
Genitive (my/mine)
ARTICLES
DEFINITE
Specific
Endophoric reference
Cataphoric (fwd)
Anaphoric
direct or inderect anaphora
John bought a TV and a radio but he returned the radio.
John bought a bicycle but one of the wheels came off.
Logical use
when grammar tells me to
superlative structures: The oldest
ordinals: the 4th of July
adjectives: the same, the only
pronouns: the one
Exophoric reference
Immediate situation
: shared by a small group of people
Larger situation
: shared by larger group
Sporadic reference
Insts. of human society: I always go to the theater on Sundays.
Means of transport/comm: Mary took the bus.
Parts of the body
Unique reference
geographical names/points of the globe, ships and planes, newspapers, titular names.
Generic
The + sing. noun
class
A great deal of illnesses originate in
the
mind. / He knew when
the
wheel was invented.
musical instruments/dances/sports
The + plural noun
nationality nouns
personal adjectival head: the rich are getting richer.
the
INDEFINITE
Specific
First mention: a specific N mentioned for the 1st time. E.g.: I bought a radio & a TV. The radio doesn't work.
A as one: I always run a mile or two.
parts of the body: He's broken a leg.
Descriptive role: Meryl Streep is a great actress.
Generic
any: "The best way to learn a (any) language is by living among its community".
a/an
ZERO Ø
Specific
unique role
: He was elected president
Parallel structure
: face to face, eye to eye, from father to son.
sporadic reference
insts. of human life: He went to jail.
meals: Let's have lunch.
illnesses: they got pneumonia.
means of transport/communication: I go to work by car.
time of day/night: Let's meet at 9 PM.
seasons: Winter is coming.
Generic
w/ plural count or uncount nouns to denote undifferentiated whole: cigarretes are bad for you.
Function as
Determiner