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WHO BENEFIT FROM MIGRATION? - Coggle Diagram
WHO BENEFIT FROM MIGRATION?
FUNCTIONALIST
Assimilation theory
Host countries are homogenous with high consensus over values and norms
Hanlon & Vicino
Assimilation was successful in USA
Process of fusion
They achieved cultural solidarity which is sufficient to maintain a common national existence
Milton Gordon
Three stages of assimilation:
1) Acculturation - adopt language and customs of host country
2) Structural assimilation - migrants become integrated in economy and education, achievingupward mobility
3) Intermarriage
MULTICULTURALIST
believes that the best way to promote social integration in an ethnically diverse society is for the state to provide some level of public recognition and support for ethnic minorities to maintain and express their distinct identities and practices rather than expect them to abandon these and assimilate into the culture of ethnic majority
Mehlman Petrzela
Multiculturalism recognises the equal worth of various groups rather than insisting the all defer to the dominant culture
Critics
Many states are retreating from multiculturalism, because it is believed that some migrant groups are not committed to social solidarity or cohesion
France; banning the wearing of religions symbols in public places and banning the wearing of hijab in schools
STRUCTALIST
Points out that institutional racism may be the cause of cultural conflict between migrants and host populations.
Racist prejudices and practices are embedded in the structural organisation of society and its social institutions.
Main cause of conflict
Critics
Those who argue in favour of institutional racism fail to explain ethnic variations in educational achievement, employment and unemployment, social mobality and arrest rate
NEOLIBERAL
Free movement of labour enhance effectiveness of free market capitalism
Critiques by Yascha Mounk
Stagnate average living standards for majority of Western workers
Mono-ethnic countries transformed into multicultural countries, threatening residents of receiving countries
Social media allows populist politicians to manipulate and scare those disaffected by global migration
NEW RIGHT
Huntington
Global migration have resulted in a clash of civilisation
Critic
Yuval Noah Harari
Huntington overstates the differences between Western and Islamic world
There are more similarities between both worlds
FEMINIST
Argue that studies of migration are often malestream in that they assume that male make up the bulk of migrants, that the males take the lead in migration and the female members of family follows later
Observe that female migrants are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and irregular employment
More likely than male to be refugees
MARXIST
Wallerstein
-global migration is closely linked to history and development of the modern capitalist world economy
-countries at the centre of this capitalist global economy have deliberately under-developed the periphery countries, therefore creating the conditions of poverty and global inequality, which main drivers or push factors of global migration
Weberian explanation
saw modern societies as characterised by class struggle for income and wealth
Modern societies are characterised by status inequalities
Migrants suffer from status inequality as well as class inequality
The dual-labour market theory
Barron and Norris claim two lobour markets exist in capitalist society, the primary labour sector and the secondary labour sector
INTERACTIONIST
Focus on agency, particularly push and pull factors
Massey
The decision to migrate involves the potential migrant weighing up the potential costs against the benefits.
Anita Bocker
Found evidence that migrants who successfully settled in other society functions as bridgeheads, reducing the risks as well as material and psychological costs of subsequent migrants
POST MODERNIST
Tend to focus on culture and identity issues rather than issues such as inequality
Hein de Haas
Argues that postmodernist perspectives on global migration are increasingly focused on the increased possibility of migrants and their family to live transnationally and to adopt transnational identities
Yasmin Abdel-Magied
Claims that the children of migrants are more likely to to subscribe to a global or transnational identity and to see themselves as global citizens.
Observers that global identity is likely to weaken national, ethnic and religious forms of identity.