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Scenario 1 - Coggle Diagram
Scenario 1
- Explain the condition of tissue to have normal function
Good blood circulation (smooth) Balanced body fluids, intra and extravascular Fixed concentrations of substances in fluids, including electrolytes
The exchange of substances between body fluids and intracellular fluids, which occurs through the cell membrane.
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- Explain the mechanism of cell adaptation to strong stimuli or in sensitive cells! And give examples of cases!
Metaplasia
is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type. When one cell is sensitive to particular stress it is replaced by another cell that can adapt.
Mechanism
Cytokines, growth factors, and cellulars components generate signals
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Adaptation
are reversible functional and structural responses to changes in physiologic states (e.g., pregnancy) and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue to function.
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Example
Esophageal Squamous epithelium is replaced by intestinal-like columnar cells under the influence of refluxed gastric acid
- Explain the disorders due to disturbances in the body fluid flow, electrolytes, and blood
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Hypovolemic shock
Blood loss or extracellular fluid loss that can caused hemorrhagic, gastrointestinal distrubance, and kidney disorder.
- Explain the mechanism of injury/cell injury due to ischemic conditions (reversible and irreversible)! And give examples of cases
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Factor
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Injury type, duration, and severity.
Ischemia is characterized as insufficient blood flow to tissues as a result of a blockage of the arterial inflow. This abnormality is a consequence of hypoxia, which is most usually brought on by a mechanical artery constriction.
- Explain the mechanism of cell death (apoptosis)!
INITIATION STAGE
When a caspase activates, a cascade of other caspases is released. This phase is what causes the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to converge.
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execution phase
terminal caspase (caspase 9, caspase 8, caspase 10) trigger cell fragmentation
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- What pathological stimuli can cause cell and tissue changes?
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- Explain the mechanism of cell adaptation to permanent stimuli! And give examples of cases!
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- Explain the mechanism of cell adaptation to stimuli that change cell type/cell differentiation! And give examples of cases!
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Hypertrophy and hyperplasia are closely related and often develop together in a tissue so that both can contribute to an increase in organ size
- Explain the mechanism of cell death (apoptosis) due to impairment in mitochondria!
Increases in cytosolic calcium can harm mitochondria. Oxygen depletion, Ca2+, and ROS cause them to sensitive to a wide range of harmful stimuli, including toxins and hypoxia.
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- Explain the differences between apoptosis and necrosis!
Necrosis as well as necroptosis is the result of denaturation of intracellular proteins and enzymatic digestion of the lethally injured cell. Another definition states that Necrosis is the death of body tissue. It occurs when too little blood flows to the tissue. This can be from injury, radiation, or chemicals. Necrosis cannot be reversed. Necrosis has another term called ‘Uncontrolled Cell Death’.
Apoptosis is a pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide program in which cells destined to die activate intrinsic enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic proteins. Apoptosis also has another term that is called ‘Programmed Cell Death’.
- Explain the disorders in the oral cavity due to calcium imbalance!
Pathological calcification is abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, along with small amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts
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- pigmentations found in the oral cavity!
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