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Cell - Coggle Diagram
Cell
Functions
Chromatin- this is composed of 30% DNA, 60% histone proteins, and 10% RNA chains. It coils to form chromosomes when mitosis happens
Nucleoli- contains DNA that has genetic instructions for the synthesis of rRNA. Ribosomal subunits are assembled here as well and nucleoli are typically larger where they have to generate more proteins.
DNA- is composed of nucleotides and is double stranded. Has four nitrogen bases that make up the genetic sequence
RNA- similar to DNA however RNA is more likely to be single stranded. RNA helps to copy and replicate DNA. Useful in coding decoding and expression of genes
Nucleotides- composed of a phosphate group sugar group and a nitrogen base. These are found in DNA and RNA
Nuclear Envelope- Has a double membrane Barrier. There are nuclear pores on the outside that allow transport of molecules in and out of this membrane
Nuclear Pores- these are found on the outside of the nuclear envelope. They allow for transport of molecules in and out and are selectively permeable but more permeable than the plasma membrane
Nucleus- controls cellular activities. It is the control centre that contains genetic material that produces proteins and responsible for replicating the cell
Phospholipids- these create the lipid bilayer. The hydrophilic head includes a phosphate group and faces the extracellular fluids, the hydrophobic nonpolar tails group faces each other in the middle of the bilayer
Lipid Bilayer- consists of two layers of lipid molecules each molecule has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
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Cholesterol- makes up about 20% of plasma membrane. Consists of a polar region, the hydroxyl group, and a non-polar region, fused ring system. It is inserted between phospholipid tails it stabilizes the membrane and decreases membrane fluidity
Plasma Membrane- semi-permeable membrane, the outer surface is composed of glycoproteins(aka antigens). Responsible for self vs. non-self, and play roles in allergies and autoimmune diseases because of these self and non-self features
Cytoplasm- intracellular fluid, and is the cite of most cellular activities. Contains all organelles
Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell, which in other words means they are the cells energy producer. It converts nutrients into ATP in the cell and they contain their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes. They can metabolize aerobically and anaerobically as well
Golgi Apparatus- it is like a traffic director for proteins in the cell. It packages proteins and lipids to export them from the cell. Form secretory vesicles as well.
Smooth ER- does not play a role in protein synthesis. It is involved in synthesis of essential lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol.
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Lysosomes- contain digestive enzymes and are abundant in phagocytes which means they can digest a lot of different biological molecules. They undergo a process within them called endocytosis which helps to degrade old organelles and breakdown non-useful tissues
Organelles- Cellular compartments with their own specialized purpose to maintain cellular homeostasis. Some are membraneous and some are non-membranous
Cytoskeleton- keeps the structure in the cell by running rod like proteins through the cells cytosol. This gives cells its own distinct shape and there are three major types
Microfilaments- Thin elements of actin that strengthens the cell surface and resist compression. Solid, flexible fibres and help with cell movement in muscle cells
Intermediate Filaments- large fibres that have the purpose of resisting pulling forces exerting on the cell, like tearing
Microtubules- hollow tubes that determine the overall shape of the cell. Help with cell division and intracellular transport.
Microvilli- finger like extensions of the plasma membrane that project from the cell surface. They help to increase the service area and make it easier to absorb in cells
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Cilia- whiplike, motile extensions of the cell. On the outside and large in number
Ribosomes- "protein factories", they are responsible for helping make proteins
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