Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

History chapter 8 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Sg expectations:
        
        tariffs on Sg-made goods to be removed
      - What Federal Govt did:
        
        delay setting up common market > scared of competition of sg goods
        
        continued to impose taxes on Sg-made goods to protect Malayan industries
      - Result:
        
        Sg could not reap benefits of what were economic benefits expected
        
        increased clashes and tensions > unhappiness
    - - Sg expectations:
        
        contribute 40% of revenuue to Fed Govt
      - What Federal Govt did:
        
        increased Sg’s contrribution to 60% due to defence spendings risen from Kronfrantasi
      - Result:
        
        Sg’s trade + economy disrupted by Konfrantasi > revenue decreased
        
        Sg felt it was unreasonable/insensitive for Fed Govt to increase revenue contribution
        
        increased tensions and strained relationship
  - - - What Sg did:
        
        multi-racial polit parties
        
        aimed to rep interests of all communities
      - What Fed Govt did:
        
        formed alliance party > 3 communal[race-based] parties to look at interests of each respective ethnic community
        
        United Malay National Organisation
        
        Malaysian Chinese association
        
        Malaysian Indian Congress
      - Results:
        
        clash in the way things were done
        
        diff polit beliefs > disagreements and tensions
    - - What Sg believed:
        
        equal treatment and equal opportunity for all regardless of race
        
        practice meritocracy
        
        gave free education for equal chances to jobs
      - What Fed Govt believed:
        
        granted special priviledges to Malays to improve their economic and social positions > they were indigenous
        
        eg certain number of jobs got reserved for Malays
      - Results:
        
        fundemental difference in the way they ran the countries
        
        increased tension and hostility > strained relationship
  - - - Sg branches of AP joined with Singapore People Alliance[SPA] to form Singapore Alliance Party[SAP]
      - SAP took part in Sg State Elections 1963
        result:
        
        SAP - 0
        
        PAP - 37 seats out of 51
        
        all 7 seats previously held by SPA and UMNO-SG lost to PAP
        
        Malau candidates of SAP lost 3 constitutions with Malay Majorities
      - Impact:
        
        AP in KL disappointed w results
        
        vowed to return stronger and win back seats
        
        increased resentment in KL Govt
        
        strained relationship with PAP
    - - 21 July 1964 around 20,000 muslims gathered at padang to commemorate Prophet Muhammad’s birthday
        
        Clashes broke out at various areas during the procession
        
        As clashes spread, riots spread
        
        Violence resulted in 23 dead, 454 injured
        
        Curfew imposed to restore order
        
        Goodwill committees formed to calm racial tensions
      - Another riot broke out on 2 Sept 1964 when a malay trishor rider was murdered
        
        13 dead, 106 injured
        
        Island-wide curfew imposed again
      - Impact:
        
        AP and PAP agreed noot to raise any racial matters
        
        agreed not to challenge each other for next two years in elections
        
        agreement was cut short when SAP announced that they would contest in Sg elections on oct 1964 > directly challenging Sg
        
        PAP responded by bringing 4 other opposition parties to set up Malaysian Solidarity Convention[MSC]
        
        MSC aimed to create a Malaysian Malaysia[equal treatment of all races and religions]
        
        MSC’s campaign upset AP leaders and deepened mistrrust for PAP
        
        felt that idea of Malaysian Malaysia threatened the special rights granted to Malays
        
        UMNO leaders called for arrest of LKY
        
        escalated tension bt Fed Govt and PAP Govt
    - - PAP decided to contest in 1964 Fed Elections
        
        strained relationship with AP in KL
        
        during campaign, PAP questioned how AP governed Malaya and promised to build Malaysia not governed by race
      - Result:
        
        AP won
        
        PAP 1 seat
        
        AP leaders upset at PAP for contesting
        
        after fed election win, UMNO focused on winning the malay votes in Sg
        
        growing number of malays in Sg unhappy > especially those who saw little improvement to economic position
      - Impact:
        
        Fed Govt not happy w PAP challenging the way they governed
        
        PAP openly challenged the treatment of races
        
        increased tensions and hostility > strained reltionship
      - UMNO leaders accused Sg of neglecing malay interests
        
        used malay newspaper Utusan Melayu to spread anti-PAP sentiments
        
        Utusan Melayu accused PAP of treating malays and “second-class citizens” and placed emphasis on Chinese education at expense of Malay education
  - - - July 1965, secret discussions of Sg’s exit begun
      - Independence of Sg agreement was signed on 9 Aug 1965
        
        LKY annonced separation from Fed
      - Sg became a republic with Yusof Bin Ishak as first president meaning people could vote
- - - - Chinese may be reluctant to accept Malay Sultan as head of state
      - Concerned about racial number
        
        Chinese would outnumber Malays
      - Concerned that Chinese sympathise with Communists
        
        Worried communism would spread through Malaya
  - - - Malaya had rep on Sg’s internal Security Council[ISC]
      - If Sg became indep Malaya would no longer have rep in ISC and may lose influence on Sg security matters
        
        Tunku felt it would be harder to control communist activities in Sg > communist influence in Sg could grow and spread to Malaya
        
        Believed it was better for two govs to join forces to fight communist threats
    - - By-Elections: special election to fill vacancy
      - Hong Lim rep by PAP cantidate Ong Eng Guan > Ong Eng Guan fell out of PAP’s favour as he abused his position > expelled from PAP
      - By-Elections were held to fill his pos > Ong Eng Guan participated and won 73.3% of vote
        
        Concerned Tunku as he was worried as it pointed to a divide in PAP > radical views
        
        Worried a more radical PAP would lead to communism spread
  - - - Highlighetd that merger would include Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak to offset Sg’s Chinese majority
      - LKY supported Tunku’s suggestion
      - Radical group in PAP rejected due to concerns being put down by Malaya Govt who controlled ISC
      - Radical grp sabo PAP by asking voters to vote opposition
        
        PAP lost Anson By-Election inn July 1961
        
        Further convinced Tunku of his commitment to merger
      - 24 August 1961, Tunku and LKY came to agreement on broad terms of merger
        
        Broad terms:
        
        Sg citizens given title of ‘federal nationals’ instead of federal citizens
        
        Sg citizens can only vote in Sg elections, not Federal elections
        
        Sg collect own revenue and pay KL agreed sum
        
        Sg control over edu and labour > given fewer seats in parliament
        
        Fed Govt oversee Sg’s defence, ISC and foreign affairs
  - - - LKY and Toh CC welcomed merger
      - Radicals eg Lim Chin Siong+Feng Swee opposed merger
        
        Feared that merger would disadvantage Sg+people in Sg would be discriminated and not enjoy same rights as those in Malaya
        
        Eg Sg had 15 seats in federal govt as compared to Sabah and Sarawak > affected say/influence
        
        Tried to get other PAP members to challenge PM Lee’s leadership
        
        Radicals expelled from PAP
        
        Expelled PAP members formed Barisan Sosials with Lee Sioh Choh as Chairman
        
        September 1961 BS started campaign ro oppose merger by organising student demonstrations and labour strikes
        
        Party leaders also participated in radio forums to debate issues on proposed merger
- - - - LKY gave series of radio talks called The Battle For Merger in 3 languages, was also broadcasted in Tamil, Hokkien and Cantonese
        
        Enabled LKY to reach out to all people from Sg, Brunei, Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak
      - Used exhibitions to highlight benefits for merger eg Malaysian exhibition held at Victoria Memorial Hall
        
        Exhibition showed close cultural and socialties among the territories
    - - Tried to win support by giving speeches at mass rallies
      - Also accepted invitation to debate issues surrounding merger in radio forums alongside other parties
  - - - 2 feb 1963 was Operation Coldstore
        
        ISC launched island-wide arrest of those believed to be under communist influence
        
        Detained more than 100 people including Lim Chin Siong and 23 other BS members
        
        Accused of sabo formation of Malaysia and planning to launch an uprising in Sg
        
        1963 Sept election BS sufferd further defeat when they only won 13 seats as compared to PAP who won 37 seats
      - BS was further weakened
    - - Purpose as to find out what type of merger people in Sg wanted
        
        3 options
        
        Option A: merger with Sg autonomy in labour, education and other matter agreed previously
        
        Option B: merger with Sg as a state on equal basis with 11 other states
        
        Option C: merger with Sg on terms no less favourable than those given to Borneo territories
      - PAP prefered option A while BS opposed all options and urged people to cast blank votes
        
        Option A had almost 71% votes, Blank votes had 25.7% votes
    - - Brunei decided against joining Malaysia - became indep in 1984
      - Philipines did not recognise Malaysia - claimed that North Borneo belonged to it and broke off relations with MY in 1963
      - Indonesia opposed merger as it felt that Brit would continue to control over territories and that Sarawak and N Borneo should come under its control
        
        Broke off diplomatic and trade relations with MY in 1963
        
        Launched policy of Konfrantasi on Jan 1963 with military attacks, bombings to cause instability in states
    - - Sg. Foreign affairs and defence under control of Malaysia
      - Sg citizens not entitled to same rights as Malaysia citizens eg right to vote in MY elections outside Sg
      - Sg citizens were now Federal citizens
      - Agreed that Malaysian common market would be established in stages
- - - - Sg:
        
        lacked natural resources
        
        had declining entrepot trade
        
        rapid growth in population demanding for more jobs
        
        growth of industrialisation, needing more raw materials
        
        Malaya’s raw materails and economic development would ensure Sg’s economic vibrancy
    - - Malaya’s inependence in 1957 caused tariffs to be imposed on goods from Sg
        
        Impact:
        
        sg goods became more expensive > lower demand > less trade
        
        with a merger, common market would be formed to goods could be traded without tariffs > sg goods priced competetively > higher demand > increased trade > create jobs > economy growth
  - - - Brit were not willing to grant Sg independence as it was too small a country and there were not confident of its survival
      - Brit also had a fear of communst threats during cold ware from Communist China turning Sg communist