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The Origins - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Yields energy
      - Reduction via hydrogen
      - Powers fixation of CO2
        
        forms organic compounds on pyrite surface
    - - Present in lower clades
        
        methanogens
      - Energy from inorganic minerals drives metabolism
        
        often extremophiles
        
        Thermophiles
        
        psychrophiles
        
        halophiles
        
        acidophiles
        
        Reducing power
        
        Electron movement -> energy production
        
        Reduction/oxidation reactions
        
        "OIL-RIG"
        
        NADH
        
        Strongest reducing agent
        
        Electron carrier
        
        Static oxidation and reduction
        
        NADH->NAD+
        
        "Proton motive force"
        
        2 more items...
        
        nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
        
        NAD+: oxidizing agent, e- accepting
        
        NADH: reducing agent, e- donating
        
        stronger proton motive force than FADH2
        
        can be converted to NADP
        
        FAD
        
        Flavin adenine dinucleotide
        
        reduced to FADH2: reducing agent, e- donating
        
        Strong oxidizing agent
        
        weaker proton motive force v. NADH
    - - "Reductive citric acid cycle"
      - used by bacteria to synthesize organic compounds
      - possible mineral photochemical catalysis
      - Precedes stromal reactions in photosynthesis
  - - - Green S. Bacteria
      - Purple Bacteria
      - Cyanobacteria
      - Heliobacteria
      - Flexibacteria
  - - - Varying sugar synthesis processes
      - Residing around ancient volcanic vents
      - only organisms capable of converting chemical energy to carbs
      - Standardized in higher clades, plants
      - Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle
      - Activation energy
        
        Required energy level necessary for sugar synthesis #
        
        oxidation of energy rich molecules
        
        Ex. plants and sunlight
        
        Ex. glycolysis and 2ATP
        
        Precursor for many biochemical reactions
        
        "All or nothing"
- - - - Bacteria
      - Eukarya #
        
        First identifiable algae ~ 1.6 bya
        
        First land plants before 600 mya
        
        Seed plants ~ 350 mya
        
        Flowering plants ~ 150 mya
        
        Plant life
        
        Multicellular
        
        Photosynthetic
        
        Land dwelling (generally)
        
        Emergence of distinct features
        
        origin of photosynthesis #
        
        Plant cell
        
        Transition to land
        
        Diversity
      - Archea
  - - - major new forms/species seem to appear suddenly
        
        Intermediate forms did not fossilize
        
        Very few fossils, limited geographical distribution
    - - nested design
      - gives rise to taxonomic groupings
      - divergence from common ancestors
      - influenced by natural selection
      - Tree of life
        
        Ribosome composition # #
        
        Ribonucleic acid
        
        Adenine
        
        Guanine
        
        Cytosine
        
        Uracil
        
        Characteristics supporting/generating life #
        
        Simplistic
        
        Formation by physical processes
        
        Sufficiently complicated
        
        Facilitate evolutionary groundwork for cells
        
        Self Replication
        
        Direct synthetic processes
        
        Proteins
        
        1 more item...
        
        "Both the chicken and the egg."
        
        Earliest conditions may not support
        
        Could have been preceded PNA
        
        2 more items...
        
        RNA world theory
        
        RNA
        
        4 more items...
        
        Proteins
        
        20 Amino acids
        
        Microbial origins of life
  - - - Evidence for photosynthesis
        
        Carbon Isotopes
        
        Earth's carbon = 99% Carbon 12
        
        Can be stored in very old rocks/fossils
        
        Carbon 14 decays
        
        Decays to nitrogen
        
        Cannot be found in ancient rocks as carbon 14
        
        Carbon 13
        
        Cannot be metabolized in photosynthesis
    - - Organic microbial mats
        
        produced by stromatolites
        
        Isotopic composition infers photosynthesis
  - - - membrane bubbles
        
        contain information molecules
        
        little metabolism
        
        dividing, interacting, and fusing capabilities
        
        fusion can result in sharing genomes and metabolic abilities
    - - David Deamer experiment
        
        Drying and wetting experiment
        
        DNA + Lipids
        
        Sandwich to lipid vesicle containing DNA
        
        Supports spontaneous formation
      - Selection for complexity
        
        Essential nutrients depleted by growing number of early cells
        
        Selective pressure imposed on reliant microorganisms
        
        Certain cells were more fit
        
        cells capable of synthesizing limited molecules
        
        cells independent of exogenous sources of nutrients
- - - - Machinery to translate RNA to proteins
        
        Regulation
        
        Structure
      - Molecular machinery for transcription of DNA, RNA
      - Common genetic code: DNA, RNA
      - Principal energy currency: ATP
      - Common core of molecular features
      - Cell (plasma) membrane
        
        phospholipid bilayer
        
        charged, hydrophilic, phosphate heads
        
        non-polar, hydrophobic, lipid tails
        
        micelle
        
        Can be covered with protective cell wall in some organisms
        
        Layer of additional protection
        
        facilitates turgor pressure
        
        primarily composed of cellulose (Beta glucose), hemicellulose, pectin #
        
        cellulose
        
        composed of cellulose microfibrils
        
        glucose monomers
        
        Beta 1,4 glucose bonds
        
        1 more item...
        
        indigestible by most organisms
        
        hydrogen bonds=very strong
        
        fiber in human diets
        
        chitin
        
        insect exoskeleton
        
        keratin
        
        hair
        
        fingernails
        
        relatively flexible allowing growth
        
        membrane embedded proteins
        
        facilitate metabolism
        
        function as receptors for communication
  - - - supported by preserved biomarker of eukaryotic origin: cholesterol
      - endosymbiotic theory
        
        prokaryotic ancestor
        
        ancestor ingests aerobic bacterium (mitochondria)
        
        bacterium is protected and produces energy for ancestor: symbiotic relationship forms
        
        over time, interdependence is established
        
        mitochondrial containing ancestor ingests cyanobacteria
        
        cyanobacteria(chloroplast) is protected and produces energy for ancestor: symbiotic relationship forms
        
        interdependence is established
        
        DNA exchange occurs
        
        Evidence
        
        mitochondria and chloroplast contain circular DNA
        
        mitochondria and chloroplast self-replicate via binary fission
        
        mitochondria and chloroplast can only be generated by pre-existing mitochondria and chloroplast
        
        mitochondria and chloroplast contain 70S ribosomes
        
        mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes
    - - continuous, connected membrane
      - nuclear membrane
        
        containment of genetic material
        
        release of genetic "instructions"
      - golgi apparatus
        
        protein modification
        
        packing site for vesicles
        
        shipment site of vesicles
      - endoplasmic reticulum
        
        lipid synthesis
        
        protein synthesis
      - plasma membrane
        
        selective barrier
    - - microfilaments
        
        more permanent, structural functions
        
        composed of dimers assembled into tetramers
      - intermediate filaments
        
        track system for long range vesicular movement
        
        composed of alpha and beta tubulin
      - microtubules
        
        vesicular movement near membrane
        
        actin
    - - outer membrane
      - inner membrane
        
        folded areas: cristae
        
        location for oxidative phosphorylation
      - matrix
        
        internal solution
        
        location of the citric acid cycle
    - - green plastids utilized in photosynthesis
      - etioplasts: precursors of chloroplast
      - chromoplast: coloured plastids that synthesize and store pigment
      - leucoplast: colourless plasted for monoterpene sythesis
      - amyloplast: starch storage
      - elaioplast: fat storage
      - proteinoplast: protein storage and modification
      - inheritance pattern
        
        mainly from egg parent
        
        gymnosperms from sperm parent
      - Composition
        
        inner membrane
        
        outer membrane
        
        stroma
        
        aqueous site of stromal reactions
        
        grana
        
        stack of thylakoids
        
        embedded proteins serve as site for thylakoid reactions