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PARLIAMENTARIANISM AND ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM, image, image, image, image,…
PARLIAMENTARIANISM AND ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
ABSOLUTISM AND PARLIAMENTARIANISM
ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES
were legitimised by an ideology that supported the superiority of the king’s power over all others
Characteristics:
growing centralisation of political and administrative decisions in the royal courts and the monarchy’s government bodies
a permanent army under the orders of the king
a royal treasury able to raise revenue and the marginalisation of the courts and parliaments structured in estates
Louis XIV
Louis XIV of France
, known as the ‘
Sun King
’ was the most representative example of an absolute monarchy
PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLICAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS
remained in place in some parts of Europe
Governed by members of the nobility and wealthy middle class elected by local assemblies.
Achieved high levels of economic and cultural development, and their inhabitants enjoyed certain individual freedoms
republics were common in the Holy Empire and on the Italian Peninsula
were weak against the military power of the great monarchies
United Provinces
PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHIES
Parliamentary monarchies developed institutional and legal systems that controlled the monarch’s power
the action of the courts and parliaments made up of major landowners, local corporations and the wealthy classes
England
Glorious Revolution in 1688
absolutist claims of the Stuart dynasty were defeated
the parliament chose
Mary II and her husband William III of Orange as the new monarchs
Bill of Rights
which limited the monarch’s power and recognised the rights of the individual
Great Britain
major economic and social changes that took place in that century
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
Variant of absolutism
these reforms did not decrease the absolute power of the monarchs
Important Enlightenment thinkers worked as government advisers or ministers under absolutist monarchs
in
Prussia
Spain
France
Prussia
ADDITIONAL REFORMS
Economic reforms
was to increase income from the royal estate
Improvements
in
communication routes
agriculture
crafts and commerce were introduced
manual workers were taught skills
Political reforms
Parliaments or courts were no longer convened
provincial government was also reorganised to strengthen the territorial power of the kings
Regalist reforms
reforms were designed to gain privileges within the Church
appointment of high positions like bishops and abbots
tax exemptions enjoyed by the clergy
Enlightenment ideas
universal progress and happiness would help them govern more efficiently and legitimise their power
Academies
charge of carrying out studies and projects that were in the interests of despotic governments
The sciences and arts were therefore promoted in the courts of Europe’s monarchs
CATHERINE ‘THE GREAT’
empress of Russia between 1762 and 1796
She was in contact with the most important Enlightenment thinkers of the period
Diderot
Voltaire
D’Alembert
she only implemented the reformist ideas that strengthened her power
she only implemented the reformist ideas that strengthened her power
Serfs were administered justice by their masters
Her harsh policies for peasants led to popular uprisings
