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Antioxidants, Vitamin C, can cause, The body can convert Beta Carotene to…

- - - - Fat Soluble Vitamins
        
        Which include
        
        Vitamin A
        
        Comes in two main forms
        
        Retinoids
        
        pre form of Vitamin A
        
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        Carotenoids
        
        Pro-form of Vitamin A is
        
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        Antioxidant Roles
        
        Retinoids
        
        not considered antioxidants
        
        Non-Antioxidant Roles
        
        include
        
        Growth, Development, and Reproduction
        
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        Health of Mucous Membranes
        
        immune function: needed to produce T-cells
        
        vision: needed for rods, cones and the retina
        
        Deficiency
        
        of Vitamin A can impact
        
        Health of Mucous Membrane
        
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        Growth, Development, and Reproduction
        
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        Immune Function
        
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        Vision
        
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        is a result of
        
        in adequate intake
        
        poor absorption
        
        Toxicity
        
        has been found in
        
        animal foods
        
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        supplemental (retinoid) use
        
        medical treatments for acne
        
        symptoms include
        
        loss of appetite
        
        seizure
        
        headaches
        
        dry skin
        
        nausea
        
        Food Sources
        
        include
        
        protein rich animal foods
        
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        Stored in
        
        the
        
        liver
      - Water Soluble Vitamins
    - - Donating their electrons to the unpaired electron in the outer orbital of a free radical
        
        This results in
        
        Neutralization of the free radical and end of the chain reaction
        
        Halting in turn
        
        Damage to tissues and cellular components
  - - - Activating enzymes to destroy free radicals
        
        Enabling
        
        Their conversion to less damaging molecules to be excreted from the body
        
        including
        
        Catalase (Fe)
        
        Glutathione peroxidase (Se)
        
        Superoxide Dismutase (Cu, Zn, Mn)
    - - Selenium
        
        main antioxidant roles
        
        include
        
        protects cell membranes
        
        cofactor for glutathione peroxidase enzyme
        
        which
        
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        spares use of vitamin E
        
        Vitamin E
        
        combines with
        
        Lipid Radical
        
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        classified as
        
        tocopherol
        
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        Non-Antioxidant Roles
        
        Lower Platelet Aggregation
        
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        Food Sources
        
        Absorption ranges in
        
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        include
        
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        in small amounts
        
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        Losses in food preparation due to
        
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        optimal storage
        
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        stored in
        
        Adipose tissue
        
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        Liver
        
        Cell membrane
        
        Antioxidant Roles
        
        Resides in
        
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        In cell membranes
        
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        Special role
        
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        Active Antioxidant Vitamin E Form
        
        Deficiency
        
        Hemolytic Anemia
        
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        May cause
        
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        Population at greatest risk
        
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        Toxicity
        
        Generally, does not result from
        
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        results from
        
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        Cause of concern
        
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        non-antioxidant roles
        
        thyroid hormones
        
        which
        
        convert thyroxine to triiodothyronine
        
        triiodothyronine has greatest biological activity
        
        regulate basal metabolism
        
        growth and development
        
        body temperature
        
        high bioavailability (60-90%)
        
        toxicity
        
        can be caused by
        
        supplement use
        
        consuming more than 1 mg/day
        
        symptoms
        
        include
        
        vomiting
        
        irritability
        
        nausea
        
        fatigue
        
        neurological damage
        
        brittle hair and nails
        
        UL: 400 µg/d
        
        homeostasis regulated by kidneys
        
        25 selenoproteins
        
        selenocysteine
        
        active Se
        
        most common
        
        selenomethionine
        
        storage Se
        
        deficiency
        
        symptoms
        
        include
        
        heart muscle disease - cardiomyopathy (Keshan's disease)
        
        joint pain
        
        is seen in
        
        populations that consume mainly local foods and in areas where soil is lacking Se
        
        food sources
        
        include
        
        proteins: plant & animal
        
        animal
        
        such as
        
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        plant
        
        such as
        
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        losses in food preparation
        
        stable to normal food
        preparation processes
        
        typical intakes: 2-5x RDA
        
        RDA
        
        adults: 55 µg/d
        
        no need to supplement
      - Iron
        
        trace mineral antioxidants
      - Copper
      - Manganese
      - Zinc
- - - - Destabilized atoms or molecules
    - - Normal metabolic processes
        
        Including
        
        Immune responses
        
        Production of ATP
        
        Oxidizing carbohydrates, protein and fat
      - Exposure to environmental factors
        
        Such as
        
        Excessive sunlight
        
        Toxic substances
        
        Radiation exposure
        
        Tobacco smoke
        
        Pollution
    - - Cell membranes (lipids)
      - Cellular proteins (proteins)
      - Blood LDL lipoproteins (lipids and proteins)
      - Nuclear DNA
        
        Leading to possible consequences like
        
        Initiation of cancer
    - - Reacting with other compounds
        
        Chain reactions include
        
        Initiation
        
        Stopped by
        
        Propagation
        
        Termination
        
        Regeneration
- - - - smokers
      - burn patients
      - alcoholics
  - - - petechiae
      - bleeding gums, loose teeth
      - painful joints
      - widespread tissue breakdown
      - failure of wounds to heal
      - weakness
- - - - Keeping dietary iron in reduced oxidation state for increased absorption
        
        absorption (<100mg): 80+%; (1250mg): 50%
        
        Toxicity
        
        megadose > 10x DRI
        
        can prevent
        
        cancer
        
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        UL: 2000 mg/d
        
        with the
        
        excess excreted in urine
      - Increasing absorption of non-heme iron
        
        found in plats foods
  - - - maintain integrity of:
        
        skin
        
        tendons
        
        scar tissue
        
        blood vessels
        
        gum tissue
        
        connective tissue
      - helps prevent bruising
      - ensures proper wound healing
- - - - Free radicals
        
        Can regenerate
- - - - vegetable & fruit
        
        As the best source per kcalorie, it can be found in products such as
        
        blueberries, fresh
        
        Excellent sources are considered to be
        
        kiwi, fresh
        
        red bell peppers, raw
        
        However, losses in food preperation may be observed as a result of:
        
        air (oxygen)
        
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        baking soda
        
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        excessive heat
        
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        guava, fresh
        
        tomato, fresh
        
        broccoli, boiled
      - meat & alternatives
        
        tofu, made with a calcium salt
      - milk & alternatives
        
        ice cream, strawberry
        
        yoghurt, 2% plain
        
        kefir
        
        milk, 2%