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Power and Borders (lessons 1-10) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The Kurds
        
        one of the largest stateless nations in the world (30m people)
        
        nation not a state
        
        distinctive ethnic group with own culture and langauge
        
        no defined territory
        
        not internally recognised
        
        it has one partly autonomous region in Iraq
        
        It has no sovereignty over a territory
      - Partition of India
        
        1947, British lawyer drew border between Kartarpur & Amritsar (both religious sites previously)
        
        split into mostly Muslim Pakistan and mostly Hindi India
        
        Sir Cyril Radcliffe, had no knowledge of region and put any region into majority Pakistan roughly
        
        meant Indians can't visit holy site in kartpar, division of families, people had to leave to "their side" of the border, led to large violence, Massanian into India but mainly muslim, India and Pakistan within months fight over Kashmir
        
        nowadays heavily controlled border, border show every evening, people look after graves in masanian despite not own religion, finally have a "notch" into corridor to allow Sikhs to access Kartarpur without a visa, still divisive, promotes hate, stops trade
      - Conflict in Kashmir
        
        India and Pakistan fight over
        
        had a majority population but a hindu monarch
        
        sparked Indo-Pakistan wars(1947 and 1965)
        
        UNSC ceasefire in 1979, neither withdrew from country
        
        1987 India reportedly rigged an election declaring pro-India party as winner, Kashmir once again lost right to vote
        
        another war in 1999
      - ethnic / historical concept
        
        may or may not be independent from external control
        
        may be made of several states
- - - - Somaliland
        Population 3.5 million
        Major languages: Somali, Arabic and English
        Major religion: Islam
        Currency: Somaliland shilling
      - Somalia
        Population 15.89 million
        Major languages: Somali, Arabic, English
        Major religion: Island
        Currency: Somali shilling
      - Somali = external sovereignty
        Somaliland = internal sovereignty
      - Somaliland distinct region from Somali since late 1800s, but was a British protectorate until 1960. It became independent for 5 days and then merged with present day Somalia. Somali National Movement emerged in 1980s and eventually declared the city of Hargesia as the capital of Somaliland. Over the next 10 years SNM created new consitution for Somaliland agreed with public referendum in 2001
      - Somaliland is culturally and ethnically distinct, has its own currency, military, passports and elections. It has been observed by places like the EU and more stable than Somalia. Fears umongs African Union that recognition of Somaliland would enourage other independence movements. It is extremely poor with GDP per capita at £267, making it 4th poorest in world if independent.
- - - - Maintains peace and makes binding decisions
      - 5 permanent members of UK, Russia, France, China, USA
      - funded based on GDP formula, many states fail to pay
      - authorises peacekeeping forces and military campaigns, can issue sanctions
    - - nearly $8b budget, most missions in DR Congo, missions not very successful for many reasons e.g. need country cooperation, peacekeeping more difficult due to growing tensions
      - South Sudan
        fighting since 2013,over 5m face hunger, nearly 1/3 fled homes 2 biggest ethnic groups against eachother, only a country recently, little interest in their gov in solving situation, violating a ceasefire, lack of touch sanctions, peacekeepers overstretched, no arms embargo, UN cannot reach consensus, gov obstruct UNMISS
- - - - South China Sea
        China follows 9-dash line not this, historical claim to South China Sea, building islands to get this area that has benefits like 11b barrels of oil and 30% global shipping trade
      - internal waters
        
        territorial waters
        
        contiguous zone
        
        exclusive economic zone
        
        continental shelf
      - UNCLOS : international agreement for Maritime activities, international seabed authority (ISA) regulate and control seabed exploration, mining outside territorial waters and EEZ