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Kolaboratif - Coggle Diagram
Kolaboratif
Kriteria kolaborasi (Ansel dan Fash, 2007:504)
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(bahkan jika konsensus tidak tercapai dalam praktik), dan
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Assesment tata kelola kolaborasi (Ratner, 2012)
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Definisi
Kolaborasi
Collaboration is a process though which parties with different expertise, who see different aspects of a problem, can constructively explore differences and find novel solutions to problems that would have been more difficult to solve without the other’s perspective (Gray, 1989).
Collaboration is a complex process, which demands planned, intentional knowledge sharing that becomes the responsibility of all parties (Lindeke and Sieckert, 2005).
value generated from an alliance between two or more firms
aiming to become more competitive by developing shared routines. (Dyer and Singh
,1998, dalam Celik et al, 2019)
Kolaborasi Pemerintah
sebagai sebuah proses yang melibatkan norma bersama dan interaksi
saling menguntungkan antar aktor governance (Irawan, 2017)
A governing arrangement where one or more public agencies directly engage non-state stakeholders in a collective decision-making process that is formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative and that aims to make or implement public policy or manage public programs or assets. Ansen dan gash (2012)
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