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CES2241 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, Refer to the Notes - Coggle Diagram
CES2241 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
Chapter 2
Methods in organizing extension
1
. context of extension in agricultural and rural development
aim increasing the production of crops
decision making and emphasizing social learning and negotiation in extension process
encourage new pattern of coordination in agriculture extension
2
. agricultural extension and adult education
provide basic education
who not gone to school or who left school at early age
provide opportunity to further their intellectual and cultural development
enabling potential leaders further their education.
3
. 5 learning principles of adults
people learn in free environment
learns by relating to one's experiences
learn cooperatively
people learn from surrounding
improve their human qualities
4.
why do adult education
serve agriculture in community
increase income and stability of local producer
5.
Macro & institutional
macro
agroecological
temperature
rainfall
soil types
political economic
economic development /resource
sociocultural
language
gender (representation)
policy
enable or limit extension
infrastructure
transportation
communication
Market Facilities
institutional
research
education and training centre
access to input supply
Develop new leaders
Chapter 1
EXTENSION
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
USING NEW APPROACHES & BENEFICIAL LOCAL SOURCES IN AGRICULTURE
BRIDGING INDIVIDUALS TO KNOWLEDGE CENTERS
2-WAY COMMUNICATION PROCESS
INTERMEDIATE PERSONNEL (EXTENSION AGENT) AND RECEIVER (COMMUNITY)
TERM
ECONOMIC STATUS IMPROVEMENT
CREATING NEW CHANGE/PRODUCT
INTRODUCE NEW & BETTER IDEAS AND METHOD
NEW CONCEPTS AND PROCEDURES
CONCEPT
ADVISORY SERVICE
BENEFICIAL AND PRACTICAL TO THE CLIENTS
SHARE IMPORTANT INFORMATION & METHOD
PROVIDES CONTINUOUS GUIDANCE
FUNCTION
TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVE
BRING CHANGE TO EXTENSION WORKERS AND FINALLY TO THE COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY BE ABLE TO UPGRADE TO A BETTER, AND COMPLETE LIFESTYLE
PRINCIPLES OF EXTENSION
MUST BASE ON PRESENT CONDITION AT THE LOCL LEVEL
MUST BE DONE WITH FARMERS & NOT FOR THE FARMERS
MUST
BASED ON NEED AND REQUIREMENT
OF THE FARMERS
CAN BE MODIFIED BASED ON THE ABILITY AND CAPABILITY THE CLIENTS
MUST BE IN LINE WITH THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
MUST EXIST LEADERSHIP IN IMPLEMENTING EXTENSION PROGRAM
NOT BASED ON CATEGORIES OF RECEIVERS
PERSPECTIVES OF EXTENSION
AS ONE PROCESS
PROCESS OF SHARING IMPORTANT DOCUMENT (NEW TECHNOLOGIES) TO THE CLIENTS
BASIC STAGES
UNDERSTAND SITUATION AND PROBLEM
IDENTIFY THE WAYS OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM
DEVELOPING WORK PROGRAM
MAKING EVALUATION BASED ON PROGRAM
DESIGNING A NEW WORK PROGRAM
AS A PROGRAM
A NON-FORMAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM CARRIED OUT BY GOVERNMENT/AGENCIES
CHARACTERISTICS
1 GOVERNMENT POLICIES FORMED
INVOLVEMENT WITH FREEDOM
UNLIMITED SERVICES
FREEDOM OF PLANNING AND DEVELOPING PROGRAM
CHALLENGES
PEOPLE
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT
TECHNOLOGIES
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURES & BASIC FACILITIES
IMPROVEMENT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION (MODERNIZATION)
LAND DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATION, RESEARCH & EXTENSION
'IN-SITU' DEVELOPMENT
SITUATIONAL NEED FOR EXTENSION IN A MODERN ERA
FOOD PRODUCTION, SECURITY & INTENSIFICATION
SUFFICIENT FOOD PRODUCTION DEPENDS ON DEMAND
POVERTY ALLEVIATION, INCOME GENERATION & FUTURE PROSPECTS
PROVIDE SPECIAL TRAINING THAT CAN PROMISING HIGH RETURN
SUSTAINABILITY, ECOSYSTEM & NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
AGRICULTURE WITH LOW EXTERNAL INPUT
MULTI-FUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL BREEDING AND FISHING
VALUE-ADDED PRODUCT SUCH AS INTEGRATED FARMING
Chapter 3
DETERMINATION OF TARGET GROUP NEEDS
IMPORTANCE OF NEEDS
ACCURATE DESCRIPTION
SET FOUNDATION OF PROGRAM
SEEK INFO & PLAN ACTIONS
GET INVOLVE IN SOCIETAL, PERSONAL, ECO, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE
ASSESSMENT (ACTION)
PRIMARY
INFO COLLECT/ ANALYSED BY ONESELF
SURVEY, INTERVIEW, OBSERVATION, TEST, FOCUS GROUPS
SECONDARY
FROM OTHER SOURCE THAT HAVE BEEN ANALYSED AND COLLECTED
REFERENCE, COMPARISON, CONTRASTS, ADD RICHNESS TO DATA
TECHNIQUES
GROUP
DELPHI TECHNIQUE
GROUP OF EXPERTS/ ANONYMOUS (RESPONSE)
QUESTIONARE STAGE
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FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWS
BASED OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS (6-8 GROUPS)
AUDIO TAPE (MODERATOR GIVES ISSUES) & TRANSCRIBE & REPORT (ANALYZE)
NOMINAL GROUP
FURTHER BRAINSTORM
WRITING
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INFORMAL GROUP METHODS
SOCIAL GATHERINGS/ MEETINGS
TEA-COFFEE BREAKS
RAPID RURAL APPRAISAL (SERIES OF STUDIES)
ONE OR MORE COMMUNITIES (4-8 DAYS)
TEAM OF RESEARCHERS
(COLLABORATION WITH COMMUNITY MEMBERS)
GATHERING INFO (RICH&ACCURATE)
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INDIVIDUAL
F2F INTERVIEW
LESS AUDIENCE/ COMPLEX ISSUES
STRUCTURED (COMPLEX)/ UNSTRUCTURED
KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS
EXPERTS ONLY
PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE
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QUESTIONNAIRES
PHONE/MAIL/GROUP/TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS
OBSERVATION
FORMAL
RATING/CHECKLIST/SCHEDULES (COLLECT INFO)
INFORMAL
EXPERIENCE (TRAVEL & WORK)
PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (KNOWLEDGE & OPINIONS OF PEOPLE)
PLANNING, MANAGEMENT, DEVELOPMENT
(PROJECTS, PROGRAMMES)
MONTHS/YEARS
DEVELOPE SKILLS (ISSUES), ANALYZE OPTION, CARRY ACTIVITIES
GUIDELINES
SCOPE OF NEEDS>CRITERIA>PLAN, COLLECT&ANALYZE> APPLY & PRIORITISE>IDENTIFY NEXT STEP & REPORT
NEXT
EVALUATION INVOLVING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
REVIEW (PARTICIPANTS)
QUESTION (ASK)
ADAPTATION TO IMPROVE
IMPROVING PLAN/EXPAND PROGRAM
NEXT
EXTENSION PROCEDURE
LOCAL SITUATION
NEEDS/RESOURCE/POTENTIAL
PROGRAMME
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NATIONAL PROGRAMMES
OBJECTIVES/PRIORITIES/RESOURCE
Chapter 6
Implementing Strategic Extension Campaign (SEC)
Developed and Introduced By FAO
Importance (SEC)
People's participation in strategic planning, management/field implementation
Strategic Planning
Process of finding problems/goals/methods/measure
Campaign planning = Strategy planning + Management planning
Strategy planning
Best use of available resource > income returns
Provide guidelines>making info/education/communication activities operational.
Constantly update>Plan Modification(Policies change)>Plan must be flexible
KAP Survey
Knowledge/Attitude/Practice Surveys
Audience Analysis and Segmentation Purposes
Media patterns, availability / sociopsychological, anthropological
Usage of SEC
Participatory Planning Approach
Increase Project Relevance > Acceptability to communities
Understand farmer, values, belief on farming practice
Need-Based & Demand-Driven Orientation
Info & Motivation > create demand
Bottom-up & participatory planning procedures
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Strategic Planning & Integrated System Approach
Comprehensive approach
relevance to community needs > utilize resources from farmer> problem analysis> objectives> strategy> management planning
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Human & Behavioral Dimension
Socio- psychological/cultural/economic (PCE)
Adoption/Practice/Tech recommend
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Problem-Solving Orientaion
Solve/Minimize problems
Solutions (attitude)
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Cost-Effective Multimedia Approach
Low-cost mass communication channels/Multimedia (Spread Info)
Reduce workload & extension cost and effort
Specific Extension Support Materials and Training
Relevant training support materials
Relevant Multimedia support materials & Practical extension material & Training material
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Built-In Process Documentation and Evaluation Procedures
Summative evaluation
Info recall/Impact survey
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Formative evaluation
Testing materials/Management monitoring/Monitoring survey
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Applicability to Other Extension Programmes
Applicable for developing and implementing other program
Experienced staff (Trained &Skilled)
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Operationally Defined
Reach large number of target beneficiaries in a short time period
Campaign = Solving/Focus/Recommended Technology
Goals = Consistent with development policies & program objectives
Ten-phase circular model
Campaign Strategy Development Planning
Phases
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Staff Training
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Need based and demand driven
Solving orientation
Chapter 5
Selection of suitable content and method in program dissemination
Developing appropriate content
situation driven
should be defined within the scope:
technically feasible
examine by 2 perspective
ability of farmers to produce a commodity within their environment
certain commodities do not fit into the production system of small farmers, while others do
achievement by the farm family
different must be made between technological potential & technical feasibility
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economically feasible
ability of farmer to incorporate a technological package into a farming system has economic implications
farmer's resource base , both human & financial must be considered
socially acceptable
Innovations can te a good thing but may conflict with the social norms of the community
environmentally safe & sustainable
extension programme must be aware of the effect it will have on the environment
farmers using fertilizer and agrochemicals a lot
Agricultural extension-customer
categorized into
gender
recognition must also be given to the particular functions women perform within the farming system
age
extension should consider age as an important characteristic for targeting
ethnic groups
ethnic group should be separately targeted because of different sociocultural characteristics
Program delivery & implementation
Incorporating needs to programmes
basis of type of needs
material needs
knowledge-based needs
infrastructural support needs
The adoption process
awareness
interest
evaluation
trial
adoption
farmer's technical & management skill should be the main area to be targeted
outcome usually determines whether or not individuals proceed to the trial and adoption stages
build a positive attitude towards the innovation becomes the critical issue
strengthening & attitude building as their goal
knowledge of the innovation
mass media and popular theatre to reach community
Chapter 7
Monitoring Extension Programmes and Resources
Monitoring (Keep Track)
Track Key Info
Implement (Physical & Financial/Input)
Utilization (Resource)
Impact (Effects)
Diagnostic (Why it happen)
Situation (Status)
Review
Management Info System
Right Info/Amount/Time/Person
Monitoring and Evaluation
Concepts
Effectiveness (Degree to attain goals)
Efficiency (Rate of knowledge/skills in practices)
Capability (Physical,HR,Financial)
Impact (Indicator = Yield of Crop)
Principles of Monitoring
Simple/Timely/Relevant/Reliable(Accurate)/Participatory/Flexible/Action Oriented/Cost-Effective/Top Management Oriented/Specialized undertakings
Operationalized Monitoring
Data collection
Relationships
Among Monitoring Unit /Management/Staff/Clients
Collaboration
Use of NGO (Collaboration)
Conceptual Framework
Principal Components
Extension Organization
Monitoring and Evaluation (ME Unit)
Info Needs Matrix
Monitoring and Evaluation Cycle
Top management receive info from monitoring unit> Influences program implementation> Improve ability of institutions to make effective use of HR and Finance
Monitoring Unit
Staffed specialized skills> Leader report to top manager
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Monitoring Frequency
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Chapter 4
Developing & implementing extension program
A. Extension Programme Development
Set of dynamic cycles involving planning, implementation, and evaluation stages
Evolves along the programme process & changes according to the circumstances of the physical, socioeconomic, political-institutional environment.
Plan
identify issue
define situation
identify target audience
define outcomes and objectives
Design
implement
Measure
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deliver the content via appropriate delivery methods.
measure customer satisfaction & program participation to determine needed changes
Identify/develop content for issue
develop the activities & lesson plans for delivery
B. Responsive Planning
4 steps
Identify the desired learning outcome
Determine evidence of learning
designing the formative/summative assesment during teaching lesson
Plan instruction at grade-level standard
Teach the lesson; respond & adjust in real time
use formative practice to monitor & adjust the plan in real time based
formative and summative
formative
Help students to learn & practive
summative
assess student performance
C. Planning & creatingextension programmes with the people
Planning
process & social practice
process
dynamic effort evolving around problems & implying decisions and actions to achieve goals
social practice
Negotiation of interest & the construction of some type of working platform
Democratic Planning
Programme development is seen as a democratic exercise
D. Planner's roles & new skills
Emerging new models require the same knowledge & skills & require additional preparation
Ethical side
extension agent aware of their knowledge & skills & have the capacity to assess the other interest, values & comitment
Political side
must have skills to analyse the institutional context & power structures, (formal & informal)
to improve negotiation capacities includes communicate & working with different people & institutions
develop trust & build capacities
E. Toward a new professionalsm in extension
The participatory method s & approaches (PRA/RRA) represent an opportunity to build better linkages between the various stakeholders & to increase the learning from each other.
extension agent & researcher have the opportunity to work together on the same team
F. ICT in extension
Make use of numerous techniques & consist of infrastructure for storage, processing & managing the information
Use ICT in combination with the more traditional extension method
make the information available to all stakeholders very effective, efficient and quick.
include device, network, mobiles, service and application.
to create common based information sharing & communication platform research & advisory institution
to improve quality of the advisory services to farmer
Refer to the Notes