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Challenges within the Manukau Harbour, GROWING POPULATION, ECOLOGICAL…
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GROWING POPULATION
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URBAN SPRAWL 
The image above shows urban sprawl in the residential/industrial land covers surrounding the Manukau Harbour from 1842 to 2014 (Xu & Gao, 2021).
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Manukau Harbour will experiences between 0 and 15m of coastal erosion per century, with most of the harbour eroding by at least 3m, and around half eroding by at least 10 m (Auckland Council, 2020). The erosion on the northern side of the harbour is expected to be less, likely due to the volcanic geology. Conversely, the western, eastern and southern aspects of the harbour are predominantly sand and mudstones (Watercare, n.d.).
Growing populations living in close proximity to coastlines, increasing economic and social risk, particularly when accounting for sea level rise and increased storm occurrences (Xu & Gao, 2021, O'Riordan et al., 2014).
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High levels of eutrophication have been observed at Manukau Harbour due to agricultural practices (and associated run off), which can eventually result in algal blooms and hypoxic 'dead zones' (Gritcan et al., 2016).
Hypoxic conditions can result in temporary habitat loss and local biodiversity reduction (Landman & Ling, 2011).
Growing populations will increase pressure on these agricultural lands. This will increase the concentrations of agricultural runoff entering the harbour. Groundwater is also a large source of water for these farms so drought conditions will impact food security by slowing ground water recharge (Johnson, 2021; Forbes, 2022).
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