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EAB2602 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY, MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATION, Calculation…
EAB2602 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY, MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATION
Chapter 2
Agricultural Commodities (Raw)
Farm = land use for growing crops and livestock
Mechanization
Machinery to mechanize the work
Advantage
Time, Precision, Environment, Economy, Safety, Reduce labor/loss of crops, Land productivity, Rural
Disadvantage
Investment, Cost, Animal, Suitable, Research & Manufacturer, Service, Trained man power
Agriculture Technology
Transfer
Reverse
Chapter 3
Heat Engine
External
Fuel burnt outside (Steam)
Internal
Fuel + Air
Explosion
Pressure (Burning gases)
Move piston down
Crankshaft turn flywheel
Repeat rotation Crankshaft
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Components
Camshaft
Pushrod
Piston Ring
Flywheel
Connecting Rods
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Connect crankshaft
Thightens
Open/Close rod
Rotate shaft
Classification
Ignition
Spark (2 Stroke)
Air + Fuel/ Electric spark/ Constant volume combustion
Compression (4 Stroke)
Fuel inject/ compress/ Constant pressure combustion
Fuel
Diesel
Fuel Injected
Efficient, Thermal 32-38%, Part Load Lower Temperature, High/Hp, High Cost Power, Low operating cost
Petrol
Vaporizing Fuel + Air
Less efficient, Thermal 25-32%, Combust gas tempt higher part load, low/hp, low initial cost, low operating cost
Gas
Venturi System (Gas+Air+Diesel)
Heavy duty industry (Full load & High Fraction), Thermal 35-45%, 10kW(13hp) - 4MW (5364hp)
Stroke
4
2 revolution (Stroke)
0.5 (Intake)
1 (Compression)
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2
1 revolution (Stroke)
0.5 (Intake & Compression)
1 (Combustion/Power) & Exhaust)
Difference
4
One power stroke for every two revolution
Complicated, Expensive, Fuel Efficient, Gas removal easy, Durable, High stability, Require lubrication oil, Noisy, No Air Tight Crankcase, Normal cooling, Heavy , Less Carbon Cylinder and Large
2
One power stroke for each revolution
Simple, Cheap, Inefficient Fuel, Hard Removal Gas, Poor Durability, Low Stability, Lubricating mixed fuel, Carbon Cylinder A Lot, Less Noise, Crankcase must air sealed, Overheat, Light and Small
Terminology
Bore
Top Dead Centre
Bottom Dead Centre
Stroke
Stroke Bore Ratio
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Distance top bot
Volume bot (max)
Volume top (min)
Diameter
Safety
Safety Glasses, Hearing Protection, Leather Shoe
Burning material placement, Cooling Engine, Disconnect spark plug, Speed control, No Overload, Building Ventilation (Start Engine Inside Building), Dispose burning material properly
Chapter 1
Farm Power
Power to perform agricultural operations
Tractive
Stationary
Source
Human
Available, Suitable, Costly, Small tool
Animal
Available, low invest, manure, less efficient, weather, slow, health
Mechanical
Engines, Efficient weather/space/power, High Invest, Tech knowledge & maintenance
Eletrical
Cheap power, efficient, low cost maintenance & operation, high invest, tech knowledge.
Renewable
Inexhaustible
Chapter 4
Farm Tractors
Known as self-propelled power unit that use wheels or tracks for operating agricultural.
3 Types of tractors
Walking
Fit with 2 wheels and manpower wheels.
Introduce in 1920.
rapidly increase during 1950 to 1965.
Crawler
Track type or chain type tractor
some chain or track in place of pneumatic wheels
Wheel
3 types of wheeled tractors
General purpose
Used for major farm operation
ploughing, harrowing, sowing, harvesting and transport work.
low ground clearance, increased engine power, good adhesion and wide tyres
Row crop
Used for cultivation
provide with replaceable driving wheels or different tread widths
has high ground clearance to save damage crops
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Special purpose
Used for definite jobs
cotton field and garden
Selection of tractor
land holding
normal recommended to consider 1 hp for every 1 hectare's land
suitable 20-25 hp
Cropping pattern
recommended for irrigation facilities
suitable 30-35 hp tractor
Soil condition
less wheelbase, high ground clearance and low overall weight more function
it will not be able to give sufficient depth in black cotton soil
Climatic condition
air cooled engine are preferred over water cooled engines if in are hot zone
Repairing facilities
tractor that was purchased has a dealer at nearby place with all technical skills for repair and maintenance of machine.
Chapter 5
Land preparation
Planting equipment
Types
Soil & residue cut
Row preparation
Opener
Seed firming
Function
open furrow to an uniform depth
to put seed & fertilizer in furrow at desire depth
place the seed in furrows with suitable pattern
Carry & measure the suitable amount of seeds into grooves
Cover the seeds & compact the soil around the seed
Broadcasting
dibbling
drilling
hill dropping
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covering
Furrow closure
Function
Complete seed closing
create proper soil density for quicker germination
Prevent seed from moisture loss
Remove soil air pocket around seed
Improve the contact of seed with soil
Drag & DISC harrow
Used for shallow tilling, covering the seeds andkilling weeds
Scrapper Blade
Has a vertically moveable hopper with a sharp horizontal front edge which can be raised or lowered
Single & double Disc covering devices
Effectively move soil back over the furrow to cover the seed
The specific device that opens the furrow into which the seed is place
Function
To open grooves to suit for harrow system
Open grooves of soil with a certain size
Open grooves of the crops in order to insert the seedlings
To plant small seeds/grasses in row & narrow grooves & alsoin a uniform depth
Farm Efficiency & measurement
Theoretical Field Capacity
Effective field capacity
Field Efficiency
Theoretical time per acre/hectare
Effective operating time
Chapter 7
Farm Power and Machinery
Harvesting Tools & Equipment
Operation of cutting/ picking/ plucking/ digging > removing the edible part of the crop from either under the ground/ above the ground
Scissoring
High Velocity Impact (Sharp/dull)
Tearing (rough serrated edge)
Slicing (Sharp)
Classifies
Animal Drawn Implements
Mower
Reaper
Reaper Binder
Swath
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Power Driven Machines
Manually Operated Tools
Tools
Sickle
Cutter Bar
Mower
Vertical Conveyer Reaper
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Tools for Horticultural Crops
Plant Propagation (Seed Production) / Grafting or Budding (Fused Tissue)
Dibber
Budding and Grafting Knives
Grafting Tools
Grafting Tape
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Transplanters
Needs (Why)
Tools
Bladed Spade/ Loppers/ Small Trowel/ Rose pruners/ Fertilizer/ Gloves/ Wheelbarrow, wooden board, plastic (Transport)/ Water/ Disinfecting Sprays (Lime sulfur/Fungicides)
Machines
Potato Planter/ Vegetable Transplanters
Tree planting
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Fruit Harvester
Continuous Canopy Shake System
Self-Propelled Harvesting Units-Citrus Harvester
Tractor-Drawn Canopy Shake System-Citrus Harvester
Tractor Operated Turmeric Harvester
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Chapter 8
Protected Plant Machineries
Closed/Sheltered Environment (Glass/Poly/Shed/Net House & Plastic Low Tunnel)
Type of Crop
Flowers
Herbs
Fruits
Vegetables
Type of Machinery
Sprayer
Foot
Knapsack
Hand
Controller Environment Agriculture
Harvesting Robot
Fertilizer Injection Machine
Fogging Machine
Suitability & Restriction
Size/ Power/ Movement/ Visibility/ Specific/ Maintenance
Sprayer
Fogging Machine
Harvesting Robot
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Limited Insignificant Amount of Effect (Effectiveness)
Perimeter (Uneven Area)
Chapter 6
Chapter 9
Calculation Tgk dalam Nota*