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Science hell EOY revision - Coggle Diagram
Science hell EOY revision
WA1 Topics
Chapter 9: Applications of Forces and transfer of energy(Physics)
Forces
A force is a push or pull
The 6 effects of a force(Important)
A force can change the
size and shape
of an object
A force can
move a stationery object
A force can
change the direction
of moving objects
A force can change the speed of a moving object (
Speed up or slow down
)
A force can
stop a moving objec
t.
A force can bring about a
turning effect
in objects
The 3 types of forces
Contact forces
Frictional force(Friction)
Friction is the force that
resists
motion
Two surfaces that come
into contact
with each other have
tiny irregularities
that interlock and thus
resists motion
Benefits of friction
Enables one to walk without slipping and breaking one's back
Enables a fire to be made with friction
Negative effects of friction
Causes
wear and tear
on everything
Reduces efficiency
as some of the input energy will be converted into thermal energy and wasted
How to reduce friction?
Building objects with a
streamlined shape
to reduce water and air resistance
Building objects that can
"levitate"
and reduce the amount of contact surface area
Using
Lubricants or ball bearings
to reduce friction
non-contact forces
Magnetic force
Magnetic force is the force of
attraction or repulsion
produced by magnets
It can be used to separate non-magnetic objects from magnetic or lift heavy magnetic objects through an electromagnet
Gravitational force
The force of
attraction
between two bodies which acts at a
distance
which causes objects to fall
The gravity of the sun causes planets to orbit around it
How to measure a force??(Formula)
The SI unit of a force is the Newton(N)
Formula
Weight = Mass x Gravitational force
Weight in Newtons(N)
Mass in Kilograms(Kg)
Gravitational force in Newtons per kilograms(N/Kg)
Forces can be measured using a spring balance
Difference between weight and mass
Weight(N)
The gravitational force acting on a body
Changes when location changes, depending on the gravity in that location
Mass(kg)
The amount of matter in an object
Does not change when location changes
Pressure
Pressure is the perpendicular force acting over a unit contact area
How do you measure pressure?(Formula)
The SI unit of Pressure is P(Pa)
Pressure(Pa) = Force(N)/Area(m^2)
P = Pressure(Pa)
F = Perpendicular force(N)
A = Total contact area(m^2)
Relationship between force, area and pressure
When area is the variable:
A smaller area leads to a larger pressure
A larger area leads to a larger pressure
When force is the variable:
A smaller force leads to a smaller pressure
A larger force leads to a larger pressure
Pressure in liquids and the atmosphere
Liquids:
As we move deeper underwater, the pressure will increase
Submarines must not dive beyond their dive limit or else the water pressure will be too large for the walls to withstand and it will collapse
Atmosphere:
Air particles have mass and exerts a pressure on all objects on earth.
The pressure decreases as we climb above sea level which makes our weight decrease
Energy
When a force is applied, there is often energy transfer. Energy is the ability to do work
How is energy measured?
The SI unit for energy and work done is Joule(J)
W= F x d
w = work done by a constant force(J)
F = constant force(N)
d = distance moved by object in the same direction of force exerted(m)
Conditions for work to be done on an object:
A force acts on an object
The object
moves in the same direction
as the force
If both conditions aren't met, no work is done
There are 6 different types of energy
Gravitational Potential Energy(GPE)
Elastic Potential Energy
Chemical Potential Energy
Kinetic energy
Electrical Energy
Thermal energy
Formula for gravitational potential energy(GPE)
GPE = mgh
m = mass of body(kg)
g = gravitational field strength(10N kg^-1 on earth)
h = height above the ground(m)
SI unit for GPE is also in Joules(J)
Formula for kinetic energy(KE)
SI unit for KE is also Joules(J)
KE = 1/2xmv^2
m = mass of body(kg)
v = speed of body(ms^-1)
Energy conversions
Energy is converted into other types of energy in our daily lives
Electric conversions of a television = Electrical energy -> Thermal energy + sound energy + light energy
The 2 principle of conversions of energy:
Energy cannot be
created or destroyed
Instead, Energy can be
converted from one form to another
Chapter 10: Transfer of heat energy and its effects(Chemistry)
Expansions and contractions of matters
Units of temperatures
The degree for hotness or coldness of an object is measured by the object's temperature
Two common units to measure temperature is the degree Celsius (°C) and the Fahrenheit(°F)
When an object is heated up, it undergoes expansion and increases in volume
Likewise, if an object is cooled down, it undergoes contraction and decreases in volume
Expansion and contractions in solids:
Usually solids expand when heated and contracts when cooled
Different solids expands at different rates
Expansion and contractions in liquids:
Most liquids expand when heated and contracts when cooled
eg. The water level will either fall or rise when heated or cooled
Expansion and contractions in gases:
In general, gases expand when heated and contracts when cooled
Effects of expansion and contraction
Benefits of expansion and contraction:
Bimetallic strips are used in many types of equipment and it relies on the different rate of expansion and contractions of different matters
Two different metals with different temperature conductivity are used on either side of the bimetallic strip and they are used in ovens, refrigerators etc.
For my information on how it works, go to your notes(I'm too lazy)
Disadvantages of expansion and contraction:
Expansion and contraction of structures may cause damage to it when exposed in the environment
eg. Train tracks have expansion gaps in between to prevent the train tracks from warping and bending out of shape if it expands
Movement of heat
What is temperature?
The measure of how hot an object is.
What is heat?
Heat is a form of energy which flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature
What are the factors that causes heat transfer?
Thermal energy is always transferred when there is a difference of temperature in two regions
Thermal energy always flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperatures
There is no transfer of heat at thermal equilibrium
Thermal energy may be transferred through:
Conduction
Conduction is the process where thermal energy is transmitted from a region with higher temperature to a region of lower temperature from one particle to another without any flow in the medium
When a material is heated, particles will start to gain kinetic energy and vibrate faster and more vigorously. These particles collide into other less energetic neighbouring particles which will also cause them to vibrate. This whole process repeats until thermal energy has successfully been transferred through the whole material and it reaches thermal equilibrium
Convection
Convection is the process by which thermal energy is transferred from one region to another in a fluid by the circulation of currents that direct the movement of the particles in the fluid(Convection currents)
eg. Land breeze: In the day, the land heats up faster than the sea which results in the air above the land expanding quicker than the air above the sea. Thus, the air above the land rises as it is less dense while the air above the sea replaces the warmer air. This is called land breeze and it will continue to occur as a convection current until nightfall where sea breeze will occur instead.
Radiation
Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic (infra-red) waves from the surface of all bodies, transmitted without the aid of a medium.
Unlike Conduction and Convection, Radiation can be transmitted through a vacuum. Infra-red waves travels at the speed of light in all directions.
Factors that affect the rate of emission and absorption of infra-red waves:
Surface area of an object
Larger surface area = Higher emission and absorption
Smaller surface area = lower emission and absorption
Colour
Darker colour = Higher emission and absorption
Lighter color = Lower emission and absorption
Temperature of an object
Higher temperature = higher emission and absorption
Lower temperature = Lower emission and absorption
Texture
Rougher texture = Higher emission and absorption
Smoother texture = Lower emission and absorption
WA2 Topics
Chapter 11: Chemical changes (Chemistry)
Interactions between matters can result in physical and chemical changes
Physical changes
Can be easily reversed and do not involve the formation of a new substance
An example would be evaporating water
Chemical changes
A chemical change occurs when substances called reactants are changed to produce new substances. It is a reaction when two or more substances chemically combine to form one or more new substances.
Chemical changes can be represented in two groups in the form of two different word equations:
1.Reaction in which two or more substances chemically combine to form one or more new substances.
Reactants A + B -> Products C + D
2 .Reaction in which a substance breaks down into 2 or more new substances
Reactant A -> Products B + C
Rearrangement of atoms in chemical reactions
No atoms are created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
Therefore, the mass of reactants will always be the same as it's product regardless of how it was combined.
Difference between Physical and Chemical changes
Physical is easily reversible while chemical is usually irreversible
Properties in Products of physical changes are the same as reactants while properties in products of chemical changes are different from the reactants
Physical change results in no new substance formed while chemical changes results in tow or more new substances formed
Physical change involves little or no heat while chemical change involves heat and light
Types of chemical change
There are many factors that causes a chemical change to occur which involves:
Mixing
Heating
Exposure to light
Interaction with light
Using an electric current
Neutralization
Types of chemical change:
Thermal decomposition
Process in which a substance is broken down into 2 or more simpler substance by the effect of heat
Eg. Sugar when heated up too long turns into water vapour and carbon
Oxidation
Process in which a substance reacts with oxygen
Rusting occurs when iron reacts with oxygen when it is in the prsence of moisture to form rust
Combustion
Process in which a substance combines with oxygen in the process of heat that leads to one or more new substances being formed
Complete combustion occurs when there is an abundant supply of oxygen
eg. When carbon combines with oxygen in the presence of heat, it forms Carbon dioxide
Reaction caused by light
Process in which light interacts with matter to cause chemical change
eg. X-ray film and Photosynthesis
Reaction caused by electric current
Process in which an electric current passes through a substance and produces a chemical change
eg. Electrolysis and Electroplating
Neutralisation
Process where an alkali and an acid reacts to form salt and water
Interaction between different matters
What are Acids?
An acid is a substance that ionizes to produce hydrogen ions, (H+) when dissolved in water
Must know acids:
Sulfuric Acid
Nitric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Properties of an acid
Acid tastes sour
2.Acids are corrosive
Acids conduct electricity in aqueous state
Acids change moist blue litmus paper red
What are alkalis?
An Alkali is a substance that ionizes to produce hydroxide ions,(OH-) when dissolved in water
Alkalis usually exist in metal hydroxides like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide
Must-know alkalis:
calcium hydroxide
Aqueous ammonia
Sodium hydroxide
Properties of an alkali
Alkalis taste bitter
Feel soapy
Alkalis turns moist red litmus paper blue
Alkalis are also a good condctor of electricity
Chemical reactions involving acids
Metals
An acid that reacts with a reactive metals form a salt and hydrogen gas
eg. zinc + hydrochloric acid -> Zinc chloride + hydrogen
Alkalis
An acid that reacts with an alkali forms salt and water
eg. potassium hydroxide + sulfuric acid -> Potassium sulfate + water
Carbonate
An acid that reacts with metal carbonate forms salt, water and carbon dioxide
eg. sodium carbonate + hydrochloric acid -> Sodium chloride + water + carbon dioxide
How to name the salts:
Sulfuric acid: Salt name ends with sulfate
Nitric acid: Salt name ends with nitrate
Hydrochloric acid: Salt name ends with Chloride
The pH scale
The pH scale is a set of numbers from 1-14 that shows how acidic, neutral or alkali a solution is.
If the number is below 7, the solution is an acid
If the number is above 7, the solution is an alkali
However, if the solution equals to 7, it is an alkaline
pH can be measured by using a universal indicator, natural indicator or a pH meter.
Effects of of chemical changes on our environments
Sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide
Reacts with rainwater to form acid rain, which corrodes buildings made of limestone or metallic structures and decrease the pH of water bodies like lakes which harm aquatic life and plants.
Irritates the eyes ad lungs and causes breathing difficulties
Carbon monoxide
Combines irreversibly with haemoglobin in blood to form carboxyhaemoglobin which reduces the transport of oxygen in the body and leads to breathing difficulties , headaches and even death
Carbon dioxide
A greenhouse gas which leads to global warming
Causes drastic changes in the climate and the rising of sea levels
Dissolves in the seawater to form carbonic acid that causes seawater to become more acidic over time
Chapter 10: Transfer of heat energy and its effects (See wa1 topics)
Chapter 12: Interactions with Ecosystems (Biology)
WA3 Topics(See wa3 mindmap
Chapter 12: Interactions with Ecosystems (See wa2 topics)
Chapter 13: Electrical systems (Physics)
Chapter 14: Human digestive system (Biology)
WA4 Topics
Chapter 15: Transport systems in living things (Biology)
What are transport methods?
Diffusion
The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration when the concentration gradient is present.
This allows particles to eventually spread out evenly. Diffusion occurs whether it is in the absence or the presence of a partially permeable membrane and cannot occur in water molecules
Osmosis(Special type of diffusion)
The net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region with a lower water potential.
Warning: Water can technically diffuse and pass through partially permeable membranes through osmosis but exam will probably not include water in diffusion
Why do we need transport systems?
Transport systems allow cells in multicellular organisms to exchange substances with the immediate environment as the cells are not in direct contact with it.
Unicellular organisms need not have a transport system as they are in direct contact with the immediate environment and thus can easily exchange food, water and gases with the environment.
Transport systems in humans
What does it compose of?
The heart
A small fist-sized muscular organ that pumps blood continuously and helps them circulate in the body from head to toe which beats around 60 to 100 times a minute
Without it, death is imminent is less than 2 minutes(/j)
Blood
Red Blood cells-RBC
Contains Haemoglobin that combines with oxygen in the lung and carries it around the body to release the oxygen to other cells
Properties of Red blood cells:
Biconcave in shape to increase surface-to-volume ratio and allows them to release and take in oxygen by diffusion at a faster rate
Has no nucleus to increase the amount of haemoglobin inside each RBC which increases effectiveness
White blood cells-WBC
Used to fight off infections and bacteria in our circulatory system
Platelets
Help blood to clot when we bleed
Plasma
A pale yellow liquid that's made up of 95% water and used to transport digested food(nutrients) and waste materials
Blood vessels
Artery
Carries blood away from the heart
Note: Arteries don't necessarily transport oxygenated blood
Vein
Carries blood to the heart
Note: Veins don't necessarily carry deoxygenated blood
Capillary
Acts as the site for exchange of substances such as gases, waste substances and nutrients
The walls of capillaries are one-cell thick to allow substances to diffuse quickly through the walls.
Also called the circulatory system, the transport system in humans help to transport nutrients and water throughout the body.
Transport systems in plants
Plants are also multicellular and require their own transport system. However, the plant transport system is called the vascular system and not the blood circulatory system that animals usually have.
Why do plants need water?
Plants absorb water through the roots which are transported to the different parts of the plant. When plant cells absorb enough water, they are turgid and firm which allows the plant to be upright and take in sunlight
However, if a plant cell loses water, the cell membrane and cytoplasm shrinks from the cell wall and it becomes plasmolysed. Hence, the plant will start to wilt.
How does the plant exchange gases?
Both oxygen and carbon dioxide enter the plant through diffusion by the stomata during photosynthesis. They also diffuse through the cells membranes.
The stomata is also the place of transpiration where water is loss as water vapour
The vascular bundle(Phloem + Xylem)
Phloem
Transports food(sugar) from the leaves to every part of the plant
Xylem
Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to the stem and to the leaves.
Note: Root hair cells used to absorb water and mineral salts have an increased surface area to increase absorption.
Chapter 16: Human sexual reproductive system (Biology)
What is Puberty?
Puberty is the stage of human growth and development in which a person becomes sexually mature
Sex organs mature
Sex organs secrete sex hormones
Sex hormones cause secondary sexual characteristics to develop
Secondary sexual characteristics that occur in boys:
1.Testes produces sex hormones and sperms(G)
2.Ejaculation begins(G)
3.Testes and Penis increase in size (G)
4.Height increases rapidly
5.Body becomes more muscular and shoulder broaden(G)
6.Hair grows on face, chest, in armpits and public regions
7.Voice box enlarges causing voice to deepen
Secondary sexual characteristics that occur in girls:
1.Ovaries produce sex hormones and release mature eggs(G)
2.Menstruation begins(G)
3.Breasts and Uterus increase in size(G)
4.Height increases rapidly
5 Hair grows in armpit and pubic regions
The male reproductive system
Penis
Male sex organ that becomes erect when sexually aroused
Deposits sperms in the Female's vagina during sexual intercourse
Also carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Sperms duct
Carries sperms from testes to urethra
Is the site for vasectomy where both sperm ducts are tied up to prevent sperms from being released from the body
Urethra
Carries sperms from the sperm duct to the outside of the body through the penis
Sex glands
Produces a nutrient-rich fluid to nourish the sperms and keep them healthy
Testes
Produces sperms and male sex hormones upon puberty
Scrotum
Holds the testes in a sac outside the body where it is cooler and better as a lower temperature is needed for healthy sperm production
The female reproductive system
Ovary
Produces the ova or eggs and female sex hormones
cervix
The neck of the uterus which widens during cildbirth
Vagina
Muscular tube where sperms are deposited during sexual intercourse
It widens during childbirth
Oviduct/Fallopian tube
Carries the mature eggs from the ovary to the uterus
Tiny hair-like projections called cilia line the wall of the oviduct and sweep the egg along the uterus
Fertilisation usually occurs here
Uterus
A muscular pear-shaped structure where the embryo develops during pregnancy
Sperm vs Ovum
Sperm
Structure: Elongated, narrow, have head, middle piece and tail
Size: 0.002mm in diameter
Mobility: Motile. tail allows it to swim to oviduct
Numbers: Numerous sperms are produced throughout one's life and millions are usually released at once.
Life span: Can survive 3-5 days in the female reproductive system
Ovum
Structure: Spherical
Size: 0.1mm in diameter
Mobility: Non Motile and can only move with the help of agents like cilia and peristalsis
Number: Number of eggs determined at birth and usually only one matures every month
Life span: Can survive for about 1 day after it is released from an ovary
The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is a cycle of events that on average takes place every 28 days(Basically every month) and can be affected by stress, illness and an unbalanced diet or malnutrition.
Menopause is the condition where a female eventually stops producing eggs and the menstrual cycle will stop as she ages
The 4 stages of the Menstrual cycle(Days stated are rough gauge and are not accurate)
Menstruation(Day 1-5)
When fertilisation does not occur, the lining of the uterus and the blood vessels break down. This causes the discharge of blood, which includes broken down blood vessels and an unfertilised egg through the vagina
This process doesn't occur if an embryo implants itself in the uterus
Ovulation(Day 10-15)
The process where a mature egg is released from an ovary
This is the only fertile period in the menstrual cycle where fertilisation is possible
Uterus lining starts to build up again(Day 6-9)
After Menstruation, the process repeats and the uterus lining starts to build up again
Uterus lining becomes thick and spongy and full of blood capilaries(Day 16-28)
The process where the body prepares to care for the embyro
Note: It still occurs even if no embryo attaches itself to the uterus
What happens if a sperm successfully fertilises the ovum?
Fertilisation
Millions of sperm are deposited in the vagina during sexual intercourse by ejaculation which immediately start swimming to the oviduct.
Only a few hundred will survive when they reach the fallopian tube and meet the egg but only 1 sperm will manage to penetrate through the cell membrane and fertilise the egg.
The nuclei of the sperm and the egg will fuse and form fertilised egg.
Stages leading to the birth of a newborn
Formation of the embryo
The fertilised egg will start to go through cell division and divide repeatedly to form a ball of cell called an embryo.
The embryo will attach to the thickened uterine lining in the uterus and start developing into a foetus
Formation of a foetus
The embryo continues to divide to form new cells which eventually start to differentiate and form a foetus with all the major organs
A placenta, which contains many blood vessels, starts to form around the baby and has 3 main functions:
Waste substances produced by the embryo passes back into the mother's blood for removal
It prevents some harmful substances in the mother's blood from reaching the embryo
It allows food, air and water to pass from the mother's body to the embryo through the umbilical cord
Gestation
The foetus takes 9 months to develop before it is ready to emerge from the mother's body. This process is called gestation
Birth
At the end of gestation, the baby is pushed out of the body through the vagina by strong muscular contractions of the uterus.
What are chromosomes?
Genetic information
During fertilisation, each parent passes half the genetic information to the offspring and makes the offspring genetically different from each parent
The offspring will inherit a trait at random from their parents in any possible combinations.
Chromosomes
During fertilisation, 23 single chromosomes in the sperm and the egg come together to form 23 pairs of chromosomes that enable the fertilised egg to divide by cell division
Chromosomes are DNA packed with proteins that contains information which determines the characteristics which can be passed from parents to offspring
Heredity
The process of passing genetic material from one generation to the next is called heredity.
Ways to disrupt the reproductive system
Substance abuse
Smoking, consumption of alcohol and abuse of controlled drugs are examples of substance abuse
The effects of substance abuse will harm both the mother and the foetus
Effects of substance abuse:
Babies may be born with low birth weight
Smoking may affect the development of the foetus' heart, lungs and brains. Babies may develop respiratory problems later in life.
Babies may be born premature(G)
Alcohol consumption and abuse of drugs can lead to physical, intellectual and behavioural challenges in the child
Birth control
How do contraceptive methods prevent pregnancies?
Prevention of fertilisation
Rhythm method(Temporary)
Track the menstrual history to predict when ovulation will happen to determine the days to avoid unprotected sex.
This method is unreliable and pregnancy may still occur due to the women's menstrual cycle being affected by stress or illnesses
Spermicide(Temporary)
Spermicide is inserted vaginally prior to intercourse to prevent pregnancy by destroying sperm that tries to swim to the uterus.
Is usually used together with other birth control methods as prevention of fertilisation may not be guaranteed as there may be sperm that are released deep into the vagina where spermicide cannot kill it.
Diaphragm(Temporary)
The diaphragm is a barrier method of birth control that is worn over the cervix to prevent sperms from entering the uterus during sexual intercourse.
Condom(Temporary)
Condoms are worn over the penis to prevent any sperm from entering the uterus by providing a barrier during sexual intercourse.
Vasectomy(Permanent)
The process of cutting and tying both sperm ducts is called vasectomy
Vasectomy prevents sperm from exiting the penis during sexual intercourse and entering uterus
Tubal Ligation(Permanent)
The process of cutting and tying both oviducts.
Ligation prevents eggs from being released and fertilised by sperms
Prevention of ovulation
Birth control pills(Temporary)
A daily pill that contains hormones which change the way the body works and prevents ovulation, the cervical mucus to make it difficult for sperms to go through the cervix and the lining of the womb.
They are only reliable if the pill is taken daily and missing one day may cause the body to start ovulating again and cause unwanted fertilisation of eggs.
Prevention of the development and fertilisation of a fertilised egg
IUD(Intra-uterine device)(Temporary)
The IUD is inserted by a doctor professionally into the uterus and it prevents embryos from being implanted in the uterus while also preventing sperm from reaching the egg and fertilising it
The can last up to 3-10 years and are very effective at preventing fertilisation and development of the ovum.
Temporary Contraceptive methods
Short-term effects on users and are easily REVERSIBLE if the couple wants to stop using them.
Permanent Contraceptive methods
Involves a process called sterilisation and permanently removes a person's ability to reproduce.
Are used by couples who are dead-set on not wanting chilren
Are difficult to reverse
Abortion
An abortion is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy where a surgical procedure removes the developing embryo or foetus from the uterus.
Complications are greatly increased if the abortion is carried out more than 12 weeks into pregnancy
Risks of abortions
Infections of the uterus or oviducts which results in infertility.(G)
Accidental puncturing of the uterus which can result in heavy bleeding(G)
Weakening and damage of the cervix and uterus, resulting in miscarriage if abortion is carried out repeatedly(G)
Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy in which the foetus develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube
Emotional problems; a women may feel a great sense of loss, regret and guilt which can lead to depression
There is no minimum or maximum age for the abortion process and parental consent is legally not required
Abortion is only prohibited after 24 weeks of pregnancy unless the mother's life is in danger
Why do women go for abortions?
The mother may be permanently harmed if the pregnancy continues
The child may be born physically or mentally handicapped
The unwanted pregnancy resulted from rape
The life of the mother or the foetus is in danger
The mother is physically and mentally incapable of supporting the child.
The family is not financially ready to support the child
Abortion should NOT be taken as a contraceptive method
What are STIs?(Sexually transmitted infections)
STIs are infections that can pass through person to person by sexual intercourse. They are spread so often as people may have more than one sex partners which spreads the infection to many more people.
How are STIs spread?
Through sexual intercourse
Through blood transfusion
Through sharing unsterilized or contaminated needles used by an infected person
From a mother to an infant during pregnancy or breast-feeding
What are STIs caused by?
STIs may be caused by viruses, fungi or bacterial infections
They thrive in the warm and moist environment of the genital areas, mouth and throat which makes them so efficient at spreading through sexual intercourse
What are the three STIs?
Gonorrhea(Bacterial)
Transmission: Through sexual intercourse and from the infected mother to the child during childbirth
Symptoms(Some may not show):
Painful sensation while urinating(G)
Discharge of pus from penis or vagina(G)
Infection of urethra or oviduct which may lead to infertility(G)
Ectopic pregnancy
Infection of newborn's eyes which causes blindness(G)
Treatment: Treated with antibiotics
Syphilis(Bacterial)
Transmission: Through sexual intercourse and from the infected mother to the child during pregnancy
Symptoms:
Early stage:
Painless sores on penis, vagina, cervix or mouth(G)
Non-itchy skin rashes
Advanced stage:
Deformed joints(G)
Paralysis(G)
Insanity
Death if not treated
Infection of foetus during pregnancy which causes deafness and abnormal teeth and bone growth
Treatment: Treated with antibiotics in the early stage
Human Immunodeficiency virus(HIV)(Viral)
Transmission:
Through sharing of needles with an infected person
Through transfusion of infected blood
Through sexual intercourse
From infected mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth
Symptoms:
Early stage(a few months to years after HIV infection):
HIV attacks white blood cells and causes our immunity to go down
Causes flu like symptoms in the meantime that is hard to detect(G)
Advanced stage(HIV develops into Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome if left untreated):
Body's immune system completely breaks down
Many infections and cancers may set in which includes:
Pneumonia(G)
Tuberculosis(G)
Brain infection
Kaposi sarcoma
Treatment: AIDS has no cure known in the world and is still a deadly disease. Currently only cocktails of antiretroviral drugs can delay the onset of AIDS and reduce symptoms.
Treatment of STIs
STIs are harder to cure at advanced stages than in early stages
Practicing abstinence is still the best way to avoid contracting or transmitting STIs