Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

🎓 RESEARCH 🎓, SAMPLES, VARIABLES, QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH, TYPES OF…

- - - - Population of the country: 300,000,000
        
        $10,600,000,000,000.00 ÷ 300,000,000 = $35,333
        
        The debt is approximately $35,000 for every many, woman, and child.
        
        Ugh!!!
      - Measurement of Reality
        
        observation = signal + noise + bias
        
        related to concepts ( increased signal)
        
        Validity
        
        internal validity: does the experiment actually show what it
        seems to show?
        
        external validity: is it generalizable?
        
        construct validity (related to external, but different): does it
        actually relate to our theoretical model?
        
        unbiased ( reduce bias)
        
        reliable and reproducible ( reduce noise)
        
        Reliability
        
        Would give the same result for the same phenomenon if measured
        again
        
        Threats to reliability
        
        (things that increase “noise”)
        
        2 more items...
  - - - Researcher is independent from the subjects
      - Researcher interacts with the subjects.
      - Axiology
        
        Value-laden and biased
        
        Value-free and unbiased
        
        Methodology
        
        Deductive
        
        General to specific
        
        Inductive
        
        Specific to general
        
        Emergent design
        
        Categories identified during the process
        
        Static design
        
        Categories isolated before the study
    - - Positivism
        
        Knowledge through scientific method
      - Realism
        
        Reality is independent of senses
- - - - Non-experimental Variables
        
        According to numbers studied
        
        Univariate Study
        
        Bivariate Study
        
        Polyvariate Study
        
        descriptive, longitudinal, or correlational; without intervention of the researcher
        
        Predictor Variables
        
        variables that changes other variables
        
        Criterion Variables
        
        affected variable
      - variable in a controlled environment with random assignment of participants
        
        Dependent Variables
        
        response or predicted variable
        
        Independent Variables
        
        explanatory or manipulated variable
        
        Extraneous Variables
        
        mediating intervening or covariate variables
    - - Ordinal Variables
        
        can be logically ordered or ranked
        
        A,B,C,D
        
        Grade!
        
        XS,S,M,L,XL
        
        Clothing size!
        
        strongly disagree, agree, disagree
        
        Attitude!
      - Nominal Variables
        
        cannot be logically ordered
        
        Names
      - Dichotomous Variables
        
        represents two (2) categories
        
        yes or no
        
        Answer!
        
        true or false
        
        Veracity!
      - Polychotomous Variables
        
        many categories
  - - - depends on a scale, can be infinite. We measure them
        
        time, age, temperature, height, weight
    - - whole value, limited by the variable; finite. We count them
        
        population
- - - - researchers manipulate one variable and control or randomize the rest of the variables
        
        The more controlled the experimentation process, the better able researchers are to infer causality (Shadish, Cook & Campbell, 2002)
    - - Empirical Examination
      - Measurement
      - Hypothesis testing
      - Randomization
      - Research Protocol
      - Questionnaires
      - Bryman (2008) Areas of Preoccupation of researchers
        
        Measurement
        
        Causality
        
        Generalization
        
        Replication
        
        Strengths
        
        Generalized
        
        Representative Samples
        
        Estimate cost and benefits; magnitude and impacts
        
        Standardized and documented
        
        Weaknesses:
        
        no contextual factors
        
        time-consuming and costly
        
        alienates participants
        
        errors and inaccuracies
        
        sex workers, drug users, illegal aliens and minorities are diffcult to reach
- - - - gathering people's knowledge opinion, attitudes and values on various concern
      - CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
        
        looking for the strength of relationship based on pair of measures or scores
        
        CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH/ QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
        
        Experimental in nature but the (1) independent variable is not manipulated; (2) sampling is naturally formed or existing. (3) Impact of the predictor variable to criterion variable is measured. (4) control group and experimental group are compared.
        
        variables are not manipulated
- - - - Conditions and Assumptions
        
        who? when? where?
        
        context of the studied propositions
      - why?
        
        rationalization of propositions
    - - relationship of concepts