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Discriminatory attitudes towards the deaf community - Coggle Diagram
Discriminatory attitudes towards the deaf community
Second International conference on Education of the deaf: 1880
Misrepresentation of the deaf community
: Only one of the 164 representatives present within the meeting was deaf, James Denison
This conference declared that oral education was better than manual instruction. As a result, sign language in Deaf classrooms was prohibited.
I'Epee's school for the deaf (that once sought to educate in a manual form of instruction switched to a manual form of instruction)
Post Milan attitudes
Teachers who were deaf, were deemed
"unfit"
to teach because they could not hear their students
Decline in Deaf educators in the U.S.
: In the 1850's, 1/2 of the educators were deaf, in the 1880s: 1/4 of the educators were deaf, during WWI 1/5 of the educators were deaf, only 1/8 of the educators
Preservation of the Sign Language
: 1913 NAD film , consisted of 18 mini films to help conserve ASL within the U.S.
Ban against Sign language within the U.S.
Oral approach for teaching deaf students within America lasted for almost 80 years, considered the
Dark Age
, for many Deaf Americans
Segregation based on communication
Educational
: Within an educational setting, students would choose to sign to each other secretly, due to strict oral method rules, however if they were caught they would usually be punished.
Societal
:
“Ability to talk was the passport to success in the hearing world”
The elimination and punishment students would receive for communicating in sign, conditioned those within the deaf community to develop a fear of signing.
Communication in sign were viewed as a
stigma/taboo
Segration based on gender
Educational
Early Schooling
: Boy and girls were often taught on separate sections of the classroom or in some cases in separate classrooms completely.
Upper Education
: Women were not allowed to attend Gallaudet College until 23 years after its opening
In 1887, 6 women were admitted on an
"experimental basis".
Segregation based on race
Until after the civil war, schools for deaf African Americans were established
The first deaf school was founded in 1817, by
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
and
Laurent Clerc
Schools that admitted Black deaf students opened 1869, almost 52 years later
1954:
Brown v. the Board of Education
: Court decision determined that all schools be integrated with individuals of all races
Integration for people of color into the same school as white individuals did not occur right away, in 1963 8 states within the U.S. still had separate schools based on race
Audism
Audism, the
notion that being capable of hearing makes one superior to those who are deaf.
Coined by
Tomas Humphries, in 1977
Used to describe, the
negative attitudes
towards people who are deaf or hard of hearing
Segregation of Deaf Students today
Today, students with cochlear implants are separated from those students who do not have cochlear implants
Deaf Rights
Deaf Superintendents
Qualified deaf individuals who applied for superintendents often were passed over for a less qualified hearing person
"Deaf President Now" Movement: In March 1988, students protested at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C.,
Sparked when the Board of Trustees made the decision to nominate Elizabeth Zinser as president of Gallaudet University