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Anatomy of the Respiratory System, Function of Respiratory Epithelium,…

- - - - When food arrives, the oropharynx asks the soft palate to shut off (as a reflex), closing off the nasopharynx.
        
        It also holds breathing for a second.
        
        The epiglottis, an elastic structure above the larynx, will also shut off the passage to the larynx
        
        Vocal chords can also be asked to close.
        
        The food will then be directed to the esophagus.
  - - - Histology
        
        Respiratory Epithelium
        
        Respiratory Epithelium:
        Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar with Goblet cells
        
        Pseudostratified: Give the impression that it has many layers, but it only has a single layer of cells.
        
        Columnar: rectangular cells
        
        Ciliated: tiny hairs
        
        Goblet cells: secretion cells that produces mucous. Contains mucin, which mixes with water and becomes mucous.
        
        Mucinogen becomes mucin, mixes with water to become mucous.
        
        Lamina propria (2)
        
        Seromucous glands (3)
        
        Hyaline cartilage (4)
        
        Trachealis (smooth muscle) (6)
    - - Primary (first generation)
        
        Left and right primary bronchus
        
        Right is more vertical, wider in diameter and shorter in length compared to left. Foreign body more likely to come here. Has 3 secondary bronchi, which deliver air to 3 lobes of the right lung.
        The orientation is also meant to accommodate the other body parts, nerves and so on.
        
        About 22 or 23 generations later, you get alveoli, and a bronchial tree.
        
        Innervation by autonomic nerves
        
        Sympathetic → increase airway diameter (bronchodilation)
        
        Parasympathetic → decrease airway diameter (bronchoconstriction) E.g. when cold air enters
        
        Blood Supply of bronchial tree
        
        Bronchial arteries branching from the thoracic aorta
        
        Bronchial veins drain into the azygos system of veins