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U3.1 Gunpowder Empires Expanded (1450 -1750) - Coggle Diagram
U3.1 Gunpowder Empires Expanded (1450 -1750)
Europe
Gutenberg printing press
increase in literacy
Hundred Years’ War
End of plague
Monarches
Overseas explorations & establish
colonies
centralize power
controlling taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion
Tudors in England, the Valois in France, and Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand in Spain
curb the private armies of the nobility
Russia
pivotal position for trade
Russia was also a product of Europe as a result of Viking invasions and trading.
Ivan IV (ruled 1547–1584),
control of the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia held by the descendants of the Golden Horde
Control of the Volga
peasant warriors known as Cossacks to fight the local tribes and the Siberian khan
To the Pacific
Fur traders and militias defeated one indigenous tribe
By 1639, the Russians had advanced east as far as the Pacific Ocean. Explorations and fur trading expeditions continued across the Pacific to Alaska (1741) and down the coast of North America to California (1814).
East Asia
Ming Dynasty in 1368
1440s Mongols invaded and kidnapped Ming empiror
Great Walls were restored and expanded to help keep out invaders from the north
Qing Dynasty (1644)
Kangxi (ruled 1661–1722) presided over a period of stability and expansion
Kangxi sent forces into Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia
imposed a protectorate over Tibet, the mountainous land north of India,
Qianlong (ruled 1736–1796),
the country was well administered and government tax collections were at an all-time high.
annexation of Xinjiang (local Muslim population, called Uighurs)
sent armies into Tibet
campaign against the Nepalese was successful
against Burma and Vietnam were unsuccessful and costly
Conflicts with the West
British asked for more trading rights in 1793
White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804), killed 100,000 pleasants
Rise of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires
Turkic nomads
Turkic language
power vacuums left
relied on gunpowder weapons
The Rule of Tamerlane
from the trading city of Samarkand (in modern-day Uzbekistan) to make ruthless conquests in Persia (modern-day Iran) and India
ghazi ideal—a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam.
massacre of some 100,000 Hindus before the gates
encouraged learning and the arts
championed literature, wrote his own memoirs. Buildings still standing in the city of Samarkand shows architecture and decorative arts.
GunPowder
build a government dependent upon his military and the use of heavy artillery.
protect land routes on the Silk Roads
failed to leave an effective political structure
Islamic Empires
The Ottoman Empire (1300-1918)
Mehmed II (ruled 1451–1481)
Capital at Constantinople in 1453
changed to Istanbul
Prosperfor trade
a center of Islam
walls crumbled under the bombardment
western edge of the Black Sea
strengthened the Ottoman navy and attacked various areas of Italy
Venice pay yearly tax
Suleiman I (ruled 1520–1566).
overran Hungary in 1526
failed to take Vienna
cause great fear to Europ when Ottoman could send troops to Christian Europe
island of Rhodes
Tripoli in North Africa
The Safavids
Ismail (14-15) proclaimed shah in 1501
from Iran
Abbas the Great, Shah Abbas I (ruled 1588–1629)
Shi’a Islam as a unifying force
Europe for weaponry and advices
conflict between Shia and Sunni
overland trade routes
Ottomans use trade embargoes, official bans on trade, against safavid silk trader
women can inherit and devorce (temporary marriage)
His troops included soldiers—often Christian boys pressed into service—from as far northwest as Georgia in Russia.
Abbas imported weaponry from Europe and also relied on Europeans to advise his troops about this newly acquired military technology
Mughal India by Babur in 1520
Akbar (grandson achive religious and polical goals
overseas trade flourished
arab trader conducted most commerce
goods: textiles, tropical foods, spices, and precious stone) for gold and silver
Castes (jatis) from Hinduism
Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishya, and Shudras) -->outside untouchables
Educational and vocational opportinies
Decline of the empires
Russian modernized and independent nations
Decline of the Ottoman empire
Battle of Lepanto from European forces
sick man of Europe
Harem politics
The failed Siege of Vienna in 1683
Russian expansion in the 19th century
Greece’s independence in 1821
Safavid
lavish lifestyles and military spending with falling revenues
In 1722, Safavid forces were not able to quell a rebellion
Taking advantage of the weakened Safavids, the Ottomans and the Russians were able to seize territories
replaced by Zand Dynasty in 1760
Mughal
Aurangzeb (ruled 1658–1707), inherited an empire weakened by corruption and the failure to keep up with the military innovations of external enemies
Hindu and Islamic princes
