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T1: Language as communication: oral and written language. Factors that…
T1: Language as communication: oral and written language. Factors that define a communicative situation: addresser, addressee, functionality and context.
1. Language as communication
1.1. What is language?
essential and characteristic
means of communication
system of arbitrary signs combined w/ conventional rules to transmit message
COMMUNICATION: process of sending & receiving messages that enable to share
Hockett: features of human interaction:
Traditional transmission
Duality
Displacement
Creativity
1.2. Communication theories
Pragmatics: choice of language
Cooperative principle (PAUL GRICE)
Cooperative aspect to reduce misunderstandings
4 principles for successful communication
Maxim of quantity
Maxim of quality
Maxim of relevance
Maxim of manner
Speech act theory (J.L. AUSTEN)
Performative acts
Locutionary acts
: literal meaning conveyed by words in the utterance. It's cold today
Illocutionary acts
: action performed as a result of speaker making an utterance such as requesting, promising or warning. What's the time?
Perlocutionary acts
: effect speaker's utterance has on the listener such as demanding, commanding or persuading. Go to bed!
Discursive analysis
Studies features that take place in communicative act
2. Oral and written communication
2.1. Historical background
For centuries: WRITTEN (literature & linguistic excellence
20th C: ORAL (ancient & natural)
Nowadays: both w/ own characteristic & use
2.2. Differences between oral and written communication
Physical form: Air-pressure movements VS. graphs
ORAL: immediate, expressive, transitory, dynamic, interactive, body language & gestures, simpler sentence, allow errors, repeat, rephrase & pause.
WRITTEN: static, permanent, require precision & formality, develop organisation & structure, cohesion, coherence, correctly written, clarity, unique graphic features
2.3. Pedagogical implications
1: ORAL, 2: WRITTEN
ORAL: errors normal, promote & encourage understanding of oral expressions, body language of English-speaking countries
WRITTEN: more difficult, demands correction: complete and grammatically correct, spelling trouble (lack of correspondence)
3. Factors that define a communicative situation
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