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The Medical Model - Coggle Diagram
The Medical Model
Gottesman et al
Ethical considerations
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Not ethical: if parents with mental illness come across study, may feel stress which is covered by responsibility and harm
Socially sensitive
Not sensitive: if parent has mental illness, doesn't mean child will have mental illness, just increases chance/could reduce and have early interventions in place to have a positive outcome
Sensitive: Parents with mental illness aware of passing on, could cause distress. Have to consider having children or not. Only people with desirable traits could have children
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentric: rooted in western cultures. Depends on ICD. Sample is only form Denmark so diagnoses not the same everywhere. Diagnosis is ethnocentric. Explanation becomes ethnocentric
Not ethnocentric: mental illness explained as species specific. Biological approach is species specific so doesn't talk about culture
Reliability
Reliable: standardised. Register system when patients recorded. This is good because able to consistently find link
Not reliable: lacks internal reliability. ICD 8-10 used and may have changed between these, so parent may be diagnosed with different criteria to child. Put on database in inconsistent way
Sampling bias
Not biased: large representative sample. 2.6 million people. Individual differences have less/no impact on relationship. Makes results generalisable
Biased: criteria of hospital admissions of one/two parents vs no mental illness. Missing people with symptoms but not enough for hospitalisation
Diversity
Individual
Whether both, one or no parents have psychotic disorder, will affect offspring's chance of developing same disorder
Social
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Gender: fathers and sons possibly underrepresented if not seeking help. Could have higher genetic transmissions but have not got the data to prove
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Cultural
Different cultures perceive/define mental illness differently. ICD 8-10 used schizophrenia in other countries. E.g. CCMD
Cultural values may make more susceptible, individualistic society has less support
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The genetic explanation
Nature/Nurture
Nature: concordance in MZ twins 460-53% but 15% in DZ for schizophrenia. Showing that more genes shared, higher chance of both having schizophrenia
Nurture: relies on twin studies, also raised together so environment may cause effect on concordance rates
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Psychology as a science
Scientific: easy to quantify percentage of parents and children and so easy to quantify results. 51.9 times more offspring have bipolar with both parents having it compared to neither having it
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