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Group 8, 4.Differeniate the roles of the MAC address and the IP adress, 7.…
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Physical topology defines how the end systems are physically interconnected. In shared media LANs, end devices can be interconnected using the following physical topologies:
Star: End devices are connected to a central intermediate device. Early star topologies interconnected end devices using hubs. However, star topologies now use switches. The star topology is the most common physical LAN topology primarily because it is easy to install, very scalable (easy to add and remove end devices), and easy to troubleshoot.
Extended star or hybrid : This is a combination of the other topologies such as star networks interconnected to each other using a bus topology.
Bus: All end systems are chained to each other and terminated in some form on each end. Infrastructure devices such as switches are not required to interconnect the end devices. Bus topologies were used in legacy Ethernet networks because it was inexpensive to use and easy to set up.
Ring: End systems are connected to their respective neighbor forming a ring. Unlike the bus topology, the ring does not need to be terminated. Ring topologies were used in legacy Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) networks. Specifically, FDDI networks employ a second ring for fault tolerance or performance enhancements.
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three basic parts
Header:The frame header contains the control information specified by the data link layer protocol for the specific logical topology and media used.
Trailer:Data link layer protocols add a trailer to the end of each frame. The trailer is used to determine if the frame arrived without error.
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Although there are many different data link layer protocols that describe data link layer frames, each frame type has three basic parts:
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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol or procedure that connects an ever-changing Internet Protocol (IP) address to a fixed physical machine address, also known as a media access control (MAC) address, in a local-area network (LAN).
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