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Group 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Refers to the physical connections and identifies how end devices and infrastructure devices such as routers, switches, and wireless access points are interconnected.
    - - Refers to the way a network transfer frames from one node to the next. These logical signal paths are defined by data link layer protocol.
- - - - Structure of the frame and the fields contained in the header and trailer depend on Layer 3 protocol.
      - Each frame type has three basic parts.
        
        Header
        
        Data
        
        Trailer
    - - Frame start and stop indicator flags Identifies the beginning and end limits of the frame.
      - Addressing Indicates the source and destination nodes.
      - Type Identifies the Layer 3
        protocol in the data field.
      - Control Identifies special flow
        control services such as QoS.
      - Data Contains the frame payload (i.e., packet header, segment header, and the data).
    - - Each data link frame contains the source data link address of the NIC card sending the frame, and the destination data link address of the NIC card receiving the frame.
    - - Layer 2 protocol used for a topology is determined by the technology.
      - Data link layer protocols
        include
        
        Ethernet
        
        802.11 Wireless
        
        Point-to-Point Protocol
        (PPP)
        
        HDLC
        
        Frame Relay
- - - - Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a procedure for mapping a dynamic IP address to a permanent physical machine address in a local area network (LAN). The physical machine address is also known as a media access control (MAC) address.
        
        The job of ARP is essentially to translate 32-bit addresses to 48-bit addresses and vice versa. This is necessary because IP addresses in IP version 4 (IPv4) are 32 bits, but MAC addresses are 48 bits.
        
        ARP works between Layers 2 and 3 of the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model). The MAC address exists on Layer 2 of the OSI model, the data link layer. The IP address exists on Layer 3, the network layer.
        
        ARP can also be used for IP over other LAN technologies, such as token ring, fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) and IP over ATM.
    - - When a new computer joins a LAN, it is assigned a unique IP address to use for identification and communication. When an incoming packet destined for a host machine on a particular LAN arrives at a gateway, the gateway asks the ARP program to find a MAC address that matches the IP address. A table called the ARP cache maintains a record of each IP address and its corresponding MAC address.
        
        All operating systems in an IPv4 Ethernet network keep an ARP cache. Every time a host requests a MAC address in order to send a packet to another host in the LAN, it checks its ARP cache to see if the IP to MAC address translation already exists. If it does, then a new ARP request is unnecessary. If the translation does not already exist, then the request for network addresses is sent and ARP is performed.
        
        ARP broadcasts a request packet to all the machines on the LAN and asks if any of the machines are using that particular IP address. When a machine recognizes the IP address as its own, it sends a reply so ARP can update the cache for future reference and proceed with the communication.
        
        Host machines that don't know their own IP address can use the Reverse ARP (RARP) protocol for discovery.
        
        ARP cache size is limited and is periodically cleansed of all entries to free up space. Addresses tend to stay in the cache for only a few minutes. Frequent updates enable other devices in the network to see when a physical host changes their requested IP addresses. In the cleaning process, unused entries are deleted along with any unsuccessful attempts to communicate with computers that are not currently powered on.
- - - - IPV6
        
        IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol (IP) address standard intended to supplement and eventually replace IPv4, the protocol many Internet services still use today. Every computer, mobile phone, home automation component, IoT sensor and any other device connected to the Internet needs a numerical IP address to communicate between other devices. The original IP address scheme, called IPv4, is running out of addresses due to its widespread usage from the proliferation of so many connected devices.
        
        advantage IPV6
        
        Efficient Routing
        
        In IPv6 the size of the routing table is reduced to an extent that hierarchical address allocation is created for providing efficient routing. And also fragmentation is done using a source device instead of a router. Therefore, a protocol known as Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) is used for path allocation.
        
        Directed Addressing
        
        IPv6 uses multicast addressing instead of broadcast. In here large data packets are sent across various directions simultaneously. Hence, network bandwidths are conserved significantly.
        
        Increased Capacity
        
        Since IPv6 is based on 128 bit addressing scheme, it provides more address space compared to a standard IPv4 addressing. The length of the network and host components are doubled. Even if there are more web addresses, it can be easily accommodated because the resources are allocated efficiently.
        
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        disadvantage IPV6
        
        System Issues
        
        Depending on the type of system, you have to enable IPv6 routing. If it is enabled manually, the IP needs to be typed. Besides that the IP address needs to be remembered too. This task isn't easy since the IP address involves large letters and numbers.
        
        Topology Support
        
        When the IPv6 protocol is used, it is difficult to fix prefixes on most of the topology drawings. This is because of the extra space that IPv6 module is equipped with.
        
        Device Upgrade
        
        Many of the networking devices on default are not designed for IPv6 adoption. Even if the devices are updated regularly. This is not easy since it requires expert opinion to make the transformation seamless.
        
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      - IPV4
        
        IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4. It is the underlying technology that makes it possible for us to connect our devices to the web. Whenever a device accesses the Internet, it is assigned a unique, numerical IP address such as 99.48.227.227. To send data from one computer to another through the web, a data packet must be transferred across the network containing the IP addresses of both devices.
        
        disadvantage IPV4
        
        Configurations
        
        IPv4 needs configuration either manually or automatically. Configuring IPv4 manually has to be done through Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Configurations of DHCP is complex since separate management needs to be done for its infrastructure.
        
        Security
        
        Since IPv4 was published long time back, it was not meant to secure from threats imposed today. Therefore, Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) enables network security to IPv4 by specifying the use of the internet. But the problem lies when IPSec is not built in and its implementation is optional.
        
        Infrastructure
        
        In IPv4 individual address prefixes are assigned so that each of them can become new router. Moreover internet today contains flat and hierarchical routers. However there are more than 85000 routes in the internet backbone routers.
        
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        advantage IPV4
        
        Encryption
        
        Whenever communications are used in public medium, it is necessary to encrypt data to ensure privacy. IPv4 takes security measures to encrypt data in its address packets. Hence, privacy as well as security is maintained to a higher extent in IPv4.
        
        Flexibility
        
        Since address are combined more effectively, the process of routing has become more efficient in IPv4. Therefore, organizations that regularly use multicast, their data communication has been more specific
        
        Topology Support
        
        Unlike IPv6 protocol where it is been complicated to be implemented in most topology drawings, a IPv4 protocol can be easily supported by most of the topology drawings. This is because it contains simple prefixes which can be easily fit inside them.
        
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    - - IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is the sixth revision to the Internet Protocol and the successor to IPv4. It functions similarly to IPv4 in that it provides the unique IP addresses necessary for Internet-enabled devices to communicate. However, it does have one significant difference: it utilizes a 128-bit IP address.
        
        No more NAT (Network Address Translation)
        
        Auto-configuration
        
        No more private address collisions
        
        Better multicast routing
        
        Simpler header format
        
        Simplified, more efficient routing
        
        True quality of service (QoS), also called "flow labeling"
        
        Built-in authentication and privacy support
        
        Flexible options and extensions
        
        Easier administration (no more DHCP)
- - - - MAC address
        
        Layer 2 address
        
        Identifies the network devices on a local scale
        
        12 digits, grouped into six pairs, separated by hyphens.
        i.e: 00-00-00-00-00-00
        
        Can't be changed
        
        Can be called 'physical address'
        
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      - IP address
        
        Layer 3 address
        
        Controls how devices on the internet communicate on a global scale
        
        For IPv4: 32 bits, grouped into four decimal numbers.
        i.e: 000.000.000.000
        For IPv6: 128 bits, grouped into eight sets of four digits.
        i.e: FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF
        
        Can be changed at any time
        
        Can be called logical address
        
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- - - - Resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses.
      - Maintaining a table of mappings.