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Group 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - IP address depletion-IPv4 have alimited number of public IPv4 address available.Although there are about 4 billion IPv4 addresses,the exponential growth of new IP-enabled devices has the increased the need
      - Internet routing table expansion-A routing table contains the routes to different networks in order to make the best path determination.As more devices and servers are connected to the network,the more routes are created.A large number of routes can slow down a router
      - Lack of end to end connectivity-Network Address Translation(NAT) was created for devices to share a single IPv4 address.However,because they are shared,this can cause problems for technologies that require end to end connectivity
- - - - POINT-TO-POINT
        
        This is the simplest and most common WAN topology. It consists of a permanent link between two endpoints
      - HUB AND SPOKE
        
        This is a WAN version of the star topology in which a central site interconnects branch sites through the use of point-to-point links. Branch sites cannot exchange data with other branch sites without going through the central site.
      - MESH
        
        This topology provides high availability but requires that every end system is interconnected to every other system. Therefore, the administrative and physical costs can be significant. Each link is essentially a point-to-point link to the other node.
    - - BUS
        
        All end systems are chained to each other and terminated in some form on each end. Infrastructure devices such as switches are not required to interconnect the end devices.
        
        Legacy Ethernet networks were often bus topologies using coax cables because it was inexpensive and easy to set up.
      - RING
        
        End systems are connected to their respective neighbor forming a ring. The ring does not need to be terminated, unlike in the bus topology.
        
        Legacy Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) and Token Ring networks used ring topologies.
- - - - An Ethernet MAC address is a 48-bit binary value expressed as 12
        hexadecimal digits (4 bits per hexadecimal digit).
        
        • Hexadecimal is used to represent Ethernet
        MAC addresses and IP Version 6 addresses.
        
        • Hexadecimal is a base sixteen system using
        the numbers 0 to 9 and the letters A to F.
        
        • It is easier to express a value as a single
        hexadecimal digit than as four binary bits.
        
        • Hexadecimal is usually represented in text
        by the value preceded by 0x (E.g., 0x73).
        
        ▪ Convert the decimal or hexadecimal value to binary, and then to convert the
        binary value to either decimal or hexadecimal as needed.
    - - MAC addresses were created to identify the actual source
        and destination.
        
        ◦ The MAC address rules are established by IEEE.
        
        ◦ The IEEE assigns the vendor a 3-byte (24-bit) code, called the
        Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI).
        
        ▪ IEEE requires a vendor to follow two
        simple rules:
        
        • All MAC addresses assigned to a NIC
        
        or other Ethernet device must use
        
        that vendor's assigned OUI as the first
        
        3 bytes.
        
        -
        
        • All MAC addresses with the same OUI
        
        must be assigned a unique value in
        
        the last 3 bytes.
    - - The MAC address is often referred to as a burned-in address (BIA)
      - meaning the address is encoded into the ROM chip permanently. When
      - the computer starts up, the first thing the NIC does is copy the MAC
      - address from ROM into RAM.
    - - Use the ipconfig /all command on a Windows host to identify the MAC address of an Ethernet adapter. On a MAC or Linux host, the ifconfig command is used.
      - Depending on the device and the operating system, you will see various
        representations of MAC addresses.
    - - A unicast MAC address is the unique address used when a frame is sent from a single transmitting device to a single destination
        device.
      - For a unicast packet to be
        sent and received, a destination IP address must be in the IP packet header and a corresponding destination MAC address must also be present in the Ethernet frame header
    - - Many network protocols, such as DHCP and ARP, use broadcasts.
    - - Multicast addresses allow a source device to send a packet to a group of devices
    - - There are two primary addresses assigned to a device on an
        Ethernet LAN:
        
        ◦ Physical address (the Ethernet MAC address)
        
        ◦ Logical address (the IP address)
    - - When the destination IP address is on a remote network, the destination MAC address will be the address of the host’s default gateway.
        
        In the figure, PC-A is sending an IP
        packet to a web server on a remote network.
        ◦ The destination IP address is that of
        the File Server.
        ◦ The destination MAC address is that of
        Ethernet interface of R1.