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Empires: Administrations (1450-1750) - Coggle Diagram
Empires: Administrations (1450-1750)
Europe
divine right of kings
given to a king by God
a king was a political and religious authority
any challenge toward him as a challenge to God
Gentry Officials (Tudor rule)
justices of the peace
maintain peace in the counties of England, even settling some legal
matters, and to carry out the monarch’s laws
feudal lords weakened
Many seats in the House of Commons in Parliament were occupied by justices of the peace
Parliament also checked the monarch’s powers
English Bill of Rights (1689)
individual civil liberties
protection against tyranny of the monarchy
Absolutism in France
complete authority
Louis XIII (ruled 1610–1643) and his minister Cardinal Richelieu
Henry IV (ruled 1589–1610) started the divine right of the monarchy
intendants: (tax farmers) to control provinces for execute the order; collection of tax
Louis XIV (ruled 1643–1715) : virtual dictator
kept nobles close to him
refusal to share power eventually weakened the French government
Russian
social hierarchy: Boyars, mechants, peasant,serfdom
Ivan IX (1547-1584)
forced Boyar opponents move to Moscow for watch
paramilitary force: oprichnina (secret police)
Peter the Great (Romanov Dynasty) 1682-1725
1613 after a period of turmoil following Ivan’s death in 1584
the Church, bent on conserving traditional values and beliefs
the boyars, desiring to gain and hold power
members of the tsar’s royal family
defeat his half-sister Sophia and her supporters
forcing Sophia into a convent
disbanded Streltsy (military corps)
Defender of Orthodoxy
lose the support of the Russian clergy
creating provinces and pay salary to officials
creation of a senate
Ottoman Empire
devshirme to staff military and goverment (14th-16th centuries)
Boy 8-20 from conquered christian land
Only Christian boys were fromved from Balkan
Janissaries:elite forces
some were scribes, tax collectors, and even diplomats
East and South Asia
China
brought back the traditional civil service exam
establishing a national school system
reestablished the bureaucracy
Qing government used harsh military control to put down a rebellion
Japan (Shogun 12th-15th)
samurai were salaried, paid first in rice and later in gold,
conflict between landholding aristocrats called daimyo left Japan in disarray
1）Oda Nobunaga
took over Kyoto in 1568
Controled one-third of what is today Japan when he was assassinated in 1582
2) Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1600–1616
Edo (Tokyo)
Tokugawa government required that daimyo maintain residences both in their home territory and also in the capital
South Asian
Akbar (first 40yrs)
defeated Hindu armies and extended his empire southward and westward.
the right to appeal to him for final judgment in any lawsuit
zamindars were in charge of specific duties, such as taxation, construction, and the water supply