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RESPIRATORY :wind_blowing_face: - Coggle Diagram
RESPIRATORY :wind_blowing_face:
functions
thermoreg
A-B balance
phonation
olfactory
gas exchange
respiraiton
internal
external
cellular
diffusion
ventilation
lungs
pulmonary circ
bronchial circ
apex, hilus, base, lobes
pleural cavity
pleural sac (visceral & parietal)
pleural fluid
neg pressure
upper resp tract
nasal passages
layer of mucus
turbinates
col epi cells w/ cilia
warm air
humidify air
filter air
nares
pharynx
oropharynx
epiglottis
nasopharynx
arytenoid
glottis
trachea
smooth muscle
c rings
fibrous tissue
epi-ciliated mucous lining
lower resp tract
bronchial tree
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
bronchi
smooth muscle fibres - adj lumen D (extrinsic & local)
alveoli
gas exchange
alveolar-capillary interface
partial pressure gradients
simple squamous epi
large SA
Type 1 alveolar cells = pneumocytes - gas exchange
Type II alveolar cells = pneumonocytes - fluid balace, epi repair & secr. pulmonary surfactant
P surfactant - decr. surf tension - incr. compliance & preventing collapse
physics
atmosphere
partial pressure
%
air vs liquid
O2 cascade
O2 into lung = bulk flow
O2 into capillary = diffusion
incr. activity = incr. VO2 & incr. alv vent rate
incr. act = incr. VO2 & incr. area & decr. distance & decr. capillary PO2
mechaincs of breathing
ventilation
movem of air @ flow rate suffic for bodys immed need for gas exchange
convection/bulk flow
tidal ventilation (mammels) & unidirectional ventilation (birds)
inspiration
diaphragm & ext intercostal muscles
somatic NS from CNS
mus contract = incr. TC vol = incr. alv vol = decr. alv press = total pressure diff = bulk flow in
expiraiton
somatic neurons from CNS
stops contraction impulses = strain E released from elastic fibres of lungs CT & surf tension of fluid lining alv (elastic recoil) = decr. TC vol = decr alv vol = incr alv press = total press diff = bulk flow out
passive - relaxation of inspir muscles & elastic recoil
ext. intercostal mus & abs
work of breathing proport to compliance
E needed to ventilate lung dep on
compliance
elastic prop of lungs
surface tension of alv fluid
surfactant
resistance to airflow
diameter & airway resistance
bronchodiation/contraction
extrinsic
Parasympathetic NS = constritcion
Endocrine - epinephrine = dilation
local
Paracrine - histames = contriction
Metabolic sigs - CO2 = dilation
excess lung capacities
total dead space
tidal volume
anatomical dead space
alveolar dead space
alveolar ventilation volume
alveolar minute ventilation
reserve volumes
vital capacity
residual volume
total lung capacity
inspiratory reserve vol
expiratory reserve vol
matching airflow w/ blood flow
ventilation perfusion matching = 1 for effect gas exchange across alv-capil IF
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
alv recieves little ventil = decr. PO2 in alv = vasocontriction of supplying arteriole = decr. blood flow = a;vep;is V/Q restored
NB! normally decr. PO2 = arteriolar smooth muscle relaxion = vasodilation
BUT
in lungs = vasoconstriction
control of breathing
breathing = automatic rhythmic process
CNS respiratory centers - medulla oblongata & pons
temporary conscious input - cerebrum
breathing patterns modified by input control mechanisms
chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
cerebral voluntary control
output = somatic pathways
respiratory neural cell complexes = central pattern generators
integrate inpoput sigs & control discharge of APs in phasic pattern
dorsal resp group = inpir
ventral resp group = inpir & expir
intrinsic pacemaker property determ timing & firing of central patt gens
inspiration
progressive incr. excitation of inspir mus
fill @ steady state until TV
expiration
@ rest = sudden cessation of excitation -- elastic recoil
@ exercise = active process (still elastic recoil) + int intercost muscles & abs
feedback to resp centers
chemical input
central chemoreceptors (medulla ob) - var in CO2/pH of CSF
peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid art & aorta) - var in CO2/pH & O2
mechanical input
J receptors - alveolar walls - sensitive to oedema (pulm hypertension) = rapid slow breathing & CV depression
irritant receptors - larger conducting airways - senitive to particles = triggers coughing, gasping, bronchocontriction
pulmonary stretch receptors - walls of trachea - tension too high = hering-breuer inflation reflex = inspir terminated
afferent p-ways
birds
unidirectional flow
initial inspir = incr. vol = decr. press = air flow posterior sacs
parabronchi
initial expir = decr. vol = incr. press = air from posterior air sacs into lungs
next inpirt = air flows from lungs into anterior air sacs
next expir = air flows from anterior air sacs & out mouth
cross-current blood flow