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Arch100 Module 7 American Southwest - Coggle Diagram
Arch100
Module 7
American Southwest
A - Puebloan
(Anasazi)
Early
Basketmaker
culture
starting 1500 BC
food storage
Storage pits covered with stone and adobe
Pueblos I Culture
750 - 900 AD
Large room blocks
Agriculture with irrigation canals
Pit house - above ground structure
Kiva (ceremonial structure), typically round
Puebloan pottery
B - Pueblo II Culture
900 - 1150 AD
large scale sites (Chaco Canyon)
up to 5000 people
Ending due to climate change?
(50 years drought)
Buildings
aligned with astronomical phenomena
mapping - survey calculations
separated by miles
Great House (200 rooms up to 700 rooms)
by 1030AD, planned architectural designs and engineering
debate about its function (residential or ceremonial)
Chacoan Roads
transpport goods / timber
political authority
Chaco Trade
large amount of trees - build "Great House"
Chacoan King?
Oral history
Monumental building indicate authority
Smaller Great houses part of bureaucracy
same DNA indicates hereditary leader (blood relatives)
Pueblo Bonito (large amount of turquoise beads)
C - Pueblo III Culture
Mesa Verde
1100 - 1200 AD
then 24 years drought
abandoned by early 1300AD
over population
could be another reason
Cliff dwellings
caves or below rock
blocks of sandstone plastered with adobe
reflecting population aggregation
defensive living
Kivas
3-4 meter in diameter
deep enough to stand
Cribbed room with wooden beams
fire pits and smoke/access hole
multi-family structure
T shape windows
(suggest social structure?)
C - Mimbres Mogollon
1000 - 1130 CE
single story rooms around Great House
Burial - squatting position under house floor
bowl (hole punched) placed over the head
Black on white pottery
decorated inside, outside brown clay
design with geometric patterns
Painter - man?
Salt water fish
women potters
Macaws imported from further south
D - Hohokam
200 CE - :
Extensive irrigation permitting agriculture
labor intensive indicate social system with authority
extensive trade networks
Trade commodities:
salt, shell, carved stones, macaw feathers
Village - large, square to rectangular pithouse
ball courts
Mexican influenced trade goods
Jewelry - marine shell
Social complexity - platform mounds appear
by 1150AD, above ground house appears
invasion of outside people
Cass Grande / Paquime (1350 - 1450 CE)
multiroom structure & a tall rectangular building
mural decoration
Pottery with white/reddish surface, effigy bowls
T-shape doorways & stone disks support
eggshell fragments, bird skeletons - community raised birds
burned around 1340 then rebuilt
Late Hokokam / Salado
canals. flood damage
E - Mound Builder Part I
marking territorial boundaries
require no formal leadership
social status - big men
Moundbuilder Myth
Native American built
Conflict with European invasion
Poverty Point
3500 years ago - several generations
six concentric crescent
Bird Mound
1450 - 1300BCE
21m high
rectangular mount
platform
connecting ramp
earthworks, residential platform
Adena
best known for mounds
20 to 300 feet in diameter
Conical earthen structure
Trade & Exchange
additional burials added at various levels
log floors, roofs & walls
Mortuary chamber
Wright Mounds, Kentucky
personal adornment
copper bracelets
status markers
Effigy Pipe
100 BCE - 40 CE
Ohio pipestone
G - Southeastern
Ceremonial Complex
Artifacts associated with high ranking elites
trades of luxury items between chiefs and clan leaders
artwork of warriors, wetlands animals
Etowah Mounds
Caddoa
Spiro, Olivella shell beads, Obsidian
Craig's Mound
Human Effigy Pipe
sculptures, ceremonial use
Shell from Spiro
F - Mound Builder Part II
Cahokia
1050 - 1350 CE
Largest city north of Mexico
hayrick structure
four wooden circles or henges to track solstices & equinoxes
Monks Mound (950 - 1200 CB) - connected to plazas
multi level platform built of layers of clays & soils
mixed with limestone layers to improve drainage structure
13 SQ kilometer, 15,000 people
Central Administrative center
Mississippian
Culture
Platform mounds function as:
council houses, charnel houses, temple, public ritual areas
evidence of social ranking
Maize agriculture
Platform Mounds:
flattop, rectangular
Multiple construction stages
Hopewell Culture
developed out of Adena
Ohio, Illiois, Easter Woodlands
Effigy Mounds
Trad network
Copper from Michigan, Silver from Ontario, etc
Ritual gift giving - big men
long distance quests, Shamans
Great Serpent Mound (381-344BC)
Elaborate inventory
artifacts
obsidian blade
headless human torsos
mica cutouts
Differ from Adena:
More elaborate earthwork
Burial practices spread further
larger trade network