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CONJUNCTIONS, BUILDING SENTENCES, BUILDING SENTENCES, BUILDING SENTENCES,…
CONJUNCTIONS
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Contrasting info
Whereas, while, on the other hand and but all express contrast.
Conjunction word ‘but’ is used to add a clause, and it can’t come at the beginning of a sentence.
- "The other students are learning English, whereas I’m learning Japanese."
- "Thousands of students are applying, but there are very few places for them."
Give reason
Conjunctions because, as and since are used to express reasons why
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Express result
You can use so, therefore, as a result and consequently to express the result of something. Conjunction ‘so’ almost never starts a sentence.
- "The party wasn’t very good, so I left early."
- "The school refused to increase wages and as a result the teachers went on strike."
be aware - difference between conjunctions + prepositions :
- may seem similar to non-native speakers,
- they affect the sentence structure differently.
- Because = CONJUNCTION
- Because of = PREPOSITION
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BUILDING SENTENCES
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- tells you more about a noun
- it comes straight after the noun it’s describing
"The student (noun) who speaks seven languages (relative clause) is from Russia."
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BUILDING SENTENCES
Forming Relative Clauses
- A relative pronoun replaces the other pronoun
- ‘The man who teaches me,’ NOT ‘The man who he teaches me’.
- If there’s a preposition, it usually follows the verb in the sentence
- ‘Here’s the dictionary that you were looking for’
- ‘The article you were talking about earlier is in this textbook’
- need to use:
- who / that - people
- that / which - things
(‘which’ is more formal than ‘that’)
- ‘The student who / that won the prize comes from Brazil.’
- ‘The school that / which is for sale, is really big.’
- You can leave out who, that or which but only if it’s the object of the relative clause.
- Original sentences:
- ‘The student comes from Brazil. I taught him (object) last term.’
- Relative clause options:
- ‘The student who / that I taught last term is from Brazil.’
- ’The student I taught last term is from Brazil.’
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- tells you more about a noun
- it comes straight after the noun it’s describing
"The student (noun) who speaks seven languages (relative clause) is from Russia."
BUILDING SENTENCES
Grammar terminology
Clauses
Group of words - subject + verbs
- sentence on its own, or
- part of a larger sentence
Sentences
Group of words - can stand on its own
- Verb + Verb
- Begins capital letter
- end in a full stop
Conjunction
A word that connects parts of a sentence
Prepositions
A word before a noun - tells you where the noun is
BUILDING SENTENCES
3 main sentence types
Simple sentences
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can also have:
- an object
- complement
- and adverb phrase
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Compound sentences
- contains two clauses joined by a conjunction
- equal and would make sense on its own
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Complex Sentences-
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Clauses not equal
- Subordinate clause
- Provide more info - main clause
- Start with a conjunction (because / after)
- if 1st in sentence - it needs a comma
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BUILDING SENTENCES
"To"
"For"
"So that"
- used to describe purpose
- to express why you / or someone else
- does something
- (+) is useful in sentence building
To (‘in order to’ if being more formal) is used with a verb in the infinitive
- "I went to the chemist to buy some medicine."
So that is used with can to describe helping someone else
- "I gave her ten Euros so that she could buy phone credit."
For is used with a noun
- "I went to Russia for a holiday."
BUILDING SENTENCES
Relative Clauses
Defining & Non-Defining
‘who lives upstairs’ defines which man you’re talking about
- Saying a sentence out loud - no pauses
- Write it - no commas
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Non-defining relative clause:
- adds more info - sentence still make sense
- without it - clause can be omitted.
- I passed him a glass of water, which he drank immediately.
- Spanish, which was once a global language, is increasing in importance again.
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- Quite formal
- much more common in written English
- they are separated by a comma
- you use ‘which’ and not ‘that’.
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- tells you more about a noun
- it comes straight after the noun it’s describing
"The student (noun) who speaks seven languages (relative clause) is from Russia."
BUILDING SENTENCES
Relative Clauses
Using Relative Clauses
Use whose to replace a possessive (his, her etc.)
- Original sentences:
- ‘The teacher's from Dublin. Her boyfriend is from Vancouver.’
- Relative clause:
- ‘The teacher, whose boyfriend is from Vancouver, is from Dublin.’
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In very formal language, if it’s an object, use whom, instead of who:
- Original sentences:
- ‘The teacher is from Dublin. I met her (object) last week.’
- Relative clause:
- ‘The teacher whom I met last week is from Dublin.’
- tells you more about a noun
- it comes straight after the noun it’s describing
"The student (noun) who speaks seven languages (relative clause) is from Russia."
Created by: Kumie Joubert-van Niekerk
Info extracted from:
[i-to-i Learning.teflcourses.com]
(https://www.i-to-i.com/)
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