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Bone injuries, References, The Dispatch health Caring for Seniors Who have…

- - - - Mobile thoracolumbar junction
      - Lumbar spine
  - - - proximal humerus
      - Hip
      - Distal radius
      - Spinal fractures
  - - - Mandibular fracture(bilateral)
      - Orbital floor fracture
      - Zygoma fracture
- - - - Neropathy
      - Medications
        
        chronic Glucocortcoids
        
        Antpsychotics
        
        Increase the risk of hip fracture
        
        Changes in psychotropic medications
        
        Selective serotonin reuptake ihibitors(SSRI's)
        
        Increase falls and fracture risk
        
        Long term warfarin use
        
        Increase risk of osteoporotic fractures
        
        Elderly men with atrial fibrillation
        
        Chronic levothyroxine use
        
        Increase risk of hip fracture in women
        
        Clopidogrel
        
        Worse immediate outcome
        
        Emergency surgery for hip fracture
    - - Requiring glucocorticid use
        
        Inflammatory bowel disease
        
        Celiac disease
        
        Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
        
        Rheumatoid arthritis
    - - Multiple sclerosis
      - Parkison's disease
    - - Type 1 DM
      - Long term renal insufficiency
    - - Patients on dialysis
  - - - Risk for hip and osteoporotic fractures
      - Protective factor for lower leg fracture
    - - Risk factor for upper arm (humerus, elbow and ankle fractures
  - - - Risk factor of low BMI
- - - - Tenderness on palpation
      - On external rotation
      - Abduction
    - - Affected limb shorter than the other
      - axial loading of the hip
  - - - Plain film xray of hip
    - - Occult fracture ruling
- - - - Causes of falls
      - Risks of falls
      - Prevention of falls
        
        Household hazards
        
        Throw rugs
        
        Lintels
      - Encourage maintainance of normal BMI
      - Encourage the intake of Vitamin D and calcium diet
    - - To identify high risk elderly
    - - Due to dementia,falls abnormal gait
    - - For early diagnosis and treatment
    - - To exclude risk of fragility
    - - Daily living activities
      - Other medical conditions
      - Risk of falls
      - Mood
      - Nutrition
      - Cognitive and memory loss
      - Social activities and support
    - - To ensure self care and safety
    - - To improve self help and quality of life
    - - Warnth
      - Pain
      - Pallor
      - Pulseless ness
      - Pressure
      - Parasthesia
      - Paralysis
  - - - To increase callus
      - Bone mineral density(BMD)
      - Vitamin D 700-800IU
    - - Pulmonary examination
      - Chest Xray
    - - Echocardiogram