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Degenerative changes (Ocular condition) - Coggle Diagram
Degenerative changes (Ocular condition)
Degenerative of the conjunction
Pinguecula
Common begins lesion of the conjunctiva
Consisting of yellowish white nodule on the bulbar
In some cases it may be inflammed
The condition rarely needs treatment
Pterygium
Growth of conjunctival tissue occurring on the nasal bulbar conjunctiva
Apex slowly grows towards the cornea where it will interfere with the vision.
Their condition is usually bilateral
Common in dry gustie climatic conditions and is associated with exposure to ultraviolet light
Usually seen in adults and it may become inflamed and irritated
Management
Consist of anti-inflammatory agents.
Antibiotics if it occurs with infection
Surgery is indicated whether pertygium is encroaching on the cornea or if symptomatic
Degeneration of the sclera
Staphyloma of the sclera
18in and protrusion of part of the eyeball lined with uveal tissue
Caused by severe and prolonged increased intraocular pressure
Thinning of the circular trauma cause tuberculosis syphilis and myopia
Signs and symptoms
Ectropion
Lacrimation
Iridodialysis
Subluxated
Degeneration of the cornea
Keratoconus
It is hereditary degenerative bilateral condition
The centre of the cornea becomes thin
In mild cases spectacles can be prescribed to correct astigmatism and myopia
Arcus senilis
Common form of bilateral peripheral corneal degeneration
Appears as a grey line and cycling the cornea
It is age-related but may or occurs in the people
Patients need to be referred for blood lipid studies and there is no other treatment necessary
Degeneration of the eyelids
Entropion
Due to ageing or due to scattering following trauma of the eye treatment is surgical
It is the turning inward of the lead
Condition may be congenital
Ectropion
Can be congenital or age-related
Eversion of the lower lid
It is usually bilaterally
Signs and symptoms
Watering of the eye
Irritation and exposure keratitis.
Degeneration of the vitreous humour
Floaters
Are spots that appear in the visual field
They are mainly due to degeneration and increased fluid at of the vitreous.
Floaters do not normally affect vision but patient will complain that aspect is floating in their field of vision.
The treatment for floaters it is not necessary
Degeneration of the retina
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
It is a leading cause of blindness in the Caucasian elderly with a family history of blue eyes and fair skin
It affect central vision
The condition is usually bilateral but affects one eye more than the other
Signs and symptoms
Can be difficult in reading
Blurred vision centrally
Can also be blind spots resulting in a dark or MTN in the centre of their vision
There are two types which is dry and wet AMD
Dry AMD is a slow progressive deterioration in central vision
In wet AMD there is a sudden deterioration in central vision and multiple intravitreal injections of an anti VEGF agent can result in vision stabilization and even improvement.
Treatment
The patient should be advised to take vitamins such as 500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, 10 mg lutein, 2 mg zeaxanthin, 80 mg zinc and 2 mg copper
Retinitis pigmentosa
This is an hereditary degenerative disease
Which is chronic and progressive
Degenerative changes may manifest early in life
Can occur mainly in the neutral epithelial layer of the rod cells
This disease can affect both eyes
Signs and symptoms
Can affect the patient during night with night blindness
Can affect contraction of the peripheral vision field
Is the patient gets older central vision begins to deteriorate resulting in blindness
There is no treatment available and the condition results in blindness
References
Joyce Mokoena, Motshedisi Chauke, Mogkgadi Matlakala (2018) Juta's Complete Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing Second Edition Published Juta and Company (Pty) Ltd Cape Town South Africa
Degeneration of the optic nerve
Optic atrophy (OA)
Is the damage of the optic nerve and is also due to many causes
Some of these include poor blood supply
Can also include inflammation and compression on the nerve from the tumor or meningitis
Symptoms can include permanent loss of vision
The cause of the optic atrophy must be investigated to prevent further vision loss in the same or the other eye