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Changes in Older Adults - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Decrease in taste buds and taste sensation
    - - Causes weaker esophageal contractions and weakness of the sphincter
  - - - Fluid from the stomach backs up through the lower esophageal sphincter.
      - S/S: Heart Burn, chest pain, sensation of a lump in the throat, dry cough, and the regurgitation of food.
- - - - lung infection caused by viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Common pneumonia in older adults is aspiration pneumonia.
    - - Chronic Bronchitis
        
        Chronic sputum with cough production daily for a minimum of 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years
      - Emphysema
        
        Reduced surface area for gas exchange causing increased work and oxygen consumption
- - - - Plaque build up on the walls of the arteries supplying the heart.
      - S/S: Angina Shortness of breath, MI, and shoulder/ back pain.
    - - The progressive decline in thee function of the heart muscles to pump effectively. A complication of atherosclerotic heart disease. Coronary artery disease is the most common cause in older adults
      - S/S:Crackles on auscultation, fatigue and shortness of breath.
- - - - Bone reabsorption occurs at a faster rate than bone formation causing bone tp become weaker and more likely to fracture.
      - S/S: Bone fractures, back pain, and progressive loss of height overtime.
- - - - S/S: Tremors, shaking, pill rolling, stiffness, speech difficulties, and poor balance/coordination.
      - Neurogenic movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons.
    - - Degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord.
      - S/S: Slurred Speech, weakness, trouble swallowing, breathing difficulties, and trouble walking and performing ADLs.
- - - - Thyroid gland atrophies.
      - Decrease in circulating T3 and T4
      - S/S: Weight gain, increased intolerance to the cold, fatigue, depression, and constipation.
    - - Over secretion of thyroid hormone
      - S/S: Weight Loss, exophthalmos, heat intolerance, diarrhea, tachycardia and dysrhythmias.
- - - - Generally thought to be caused by UV light exposure overtime. Cancer arises from the Squamous Cells.
      - S/S: Raised red nodule, new scaly patch, wartlike growths, abnormal growths
- - - - Cancer of the bladder, more common in men, increased incidence among smokers.
      - S/S: Blood in urine, lower back pain, difficulty urinating, weight loss, peripheral edema, and decreased appetited.
    - - Hard deposits composed of minerals and salts form in the urinary tract.
      - S/S: Often do not occur until the stone passes into the ureters, Severe pain, pain or burning during urination, and blood in the urine.
- - - - Enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs with increased age and an imbalance of sex hormones.
      - S/S: Increase in urinary frequency, weak urinary stream, blood in urine, and urinary retention.
    - - No known cause of ovarian cancer, but there are risk factors.
      - S/S: Abdominal pain, bleeding, abnormal menstrual cycles, abdominal swelling, and weight loss.