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PBL, Goals for Contraception - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Condoms
      - Celibacy, especially during ovulation.
      - Vasectomy (permanent)
  - - - Is
        
        The most used contraceptive method
    - - Are almost
        
        1 Billion
  - - - Female Sterilization
        
        Costs
        
        4000$
        
        is
        
        99% effective
    - - Cap or Diaphragm
        
        Cost is
        
        $275
        
        is
        
        92-96% effective
        
        Increases with
        
        Contraception combinations
    - - Ring, Pill, Patch
        
        Cost
        
        $5
        
        It is
        
        99% effective
        
        The mechanism is
        
        All three produce Oestrogen & Progestrone, stopping ovulation
  - - - Internuptial Sexual intercourse
    - - Sterillisation and vasectomy
    - - Condoms, Caps, Pills, Patches & Injections
  - - - Very Lenient.
    - - Highly Available
    - - Affordable
    - - Increasing the population, so contraception is not preferred.
  - - - causes
        
        Increases blood pressure, Spotting, Blood clots & breast cancer
    - - Causes
        
        Redness and irritation
    - - Causes
        
        Amneorrhea, heavy bleeding &pelvic pain
- - - - include
        
        Fluid retention
        
        Increased Glomerular filtration rate GFR (50%)
        
        Increased renal glucose, amino acid, calcium.
        
        Dilation of ureters and renal pelvis
    - - lower esophageal sphincter tone
        
        leads to
        
        GERD
      - smooth muscle relaxation
        
        leads to
        
        constipation
    - - include
        
        Increased cardiac output (CO)
        
        Decreased blood pressure (BP)
        
        Heart is displaced up and to the left
    - - Cervix
        
        becomes
        
        shorter and softer
        
        produce more mucus
      - Vagina
        
        increase secretion
        
        lead to
        
        (more acidic pH).
      - Uterus
        
        increase in
        
        uterus size
        
        blood vessels
    - - Average weight gain in pregnancy is about (11.5 -16 kg)
      - Most gain occurs in the last 2 trimesters.
    - - decease
        
        residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), and total lung capacity (TLC)
      - increase
        
        resting tidal volume; and in respiratory rate
    - - examples
        
        Chloasma (mask of pregnancy)
        
        Linea nigra
        
        Striae gravidarum
        
        Acne
        
        Hair growth
  - - - ● gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy which is taken from the beginning of the woman's last menstrual period.
    - - ● First, determine the first day of your last menstrual period.
      - ● count back 3 calendar months from that date.
      - ● Lastly, add 1 year and 7 days to that date.
- - - - Stimulates contractions of breast tissues to aid in lactation
    - - Reduction of contractility of the uterus and stimulate the growth of mammary gland during pregnancy
    - - Produces and releases milk from mammary glands
    - - Enlargement of the uterus and breasts during pregnancy
  - - - Burns calories
      - Lower rates of type 2 diabetes and heart diseases
      - Lower rates of ovarian and breast cancer
    - - milk has right amount of proteins, minerals and fat needed for baby's growth
      - Easier to digest than formula
      - Contains antibody to protect infants
      - Lower risk of sudden infant death syndrome
- - - - prenatal testing methods
        
        include
        
        Blood test
        
        is used to check
        
        exposure to certain infections
        
        including
        
        5 more items...
        
        blood type+Rh status
        
        helps to detect
        
        1 more item...
        
        hemoglobin level
        
        to diagnose
        
        3 more items...
        
        Pep test
        
        to detect
        
        precancerous or cancerous processes in the cervix
        
        Tests for fetal concerns
        
        including
        
        Maternal Blood Screen
        
        to check the levels of
        
        2 more items...
        
        Noninvasive prenatal testing
        
        to analyze
        
        1 more item...
        
        Ultrasound
        
        to detect
        
        1 more item...
      - Taking medical history
        
        by asking about
        
        family history
        
        menstrual cycle
        
        past pregnancies
        
        gynecological history
        
        exposure to toxins
        
        medications intake
        
        lifestyle
  - - - Flu vaccine
        
        administrated
        
        during any trimester
        
        prevents
        
        flu-associated pregnancy complications
        
        includes
        
        Reduced birth weight
        
        Pregnancy loss
      - Tdap
        
        to prevent
        
        Diphtheria
        
        Tetanus
        
        Pertussis
        
        administrated
        
        between 27 and 36 week of gestation
        
        immediately after birth
- - - - First trimester
        
        Consisting of
        
        Week 1 -2
        
        Not yet pregnant
        
        Week 3-4
        
        Occurring is
        
        Fertilization and Implantation
        
        Week 11-12
        
        Characterized by
        
        Genetiala formation, developed face profile and intestines form in abdomen
        
        Week 5-6
        
        Characterized by
        
        Nueral tube closing, brain, spinal cord and heart developing
        
        Week 9-10
        
        Characterized by
        
        Arm fully grown and elbows appear , toes and fingers lose their web shape, eyelids form, head is large but chin not formed yet. Umbilical cord is visible
        
        Week 7-8
        
        Characterized by
        
        Head curve appears, nostril depressions, lower limb buds, upper limbs form paddle shape the trunk and neck begin to straightening
      - Second trimester
        
        Consisting of
        
        Week 13-14
        
        Characterized by
        
        Baby begins to make urine and swallow amniotic fluid, bone begin to harden, spleen forms RBC sex may be apperant
        
        Week 15-16
        
        Characterized by
        
        Head is erect, eye movement, skin becoming thicker
        
        Week 17-18
        
        Charctaerized by
        
        Baby starts to hear and digestive system works and baby is more active
        
        Week 19-20
        
        Characterized by
        
        Vernix Caseosa forms
        
        Week 21-22
        
        Characterized by
        
        Baby completely covered by lanugo, sucking reflex and hair is visible
        
        Week 23-24
        
        Characterized by
        
        Fingerprints and footprints form baby skin is wrinkled
        
        Week 25-26
        
        Characterized by
        
        Baby responds to your voice and lungs develop and produced surfactant
        
        Week 27
        
        Characterized by
        
        Nervous system continues to mature, baby gains fat making skin look smoother
      - Third trimester
        
        Week 28-29
        
        Involves
        
        Baby’s eye partially opening, baby kicks and stretches
        
        Week 30-31
        
        Involves
        
        Baby’s hair grows and rapid weight gain
        
        Week 32-33
        
        Involves
        
        Practice breathing, lanugo falls off and pupils change size in response to light
        
        Week 34-35
        
        Involves
        
        Fingernails grow and limbs have a chubby appearance
        
        Week 36-37
        
        Involves
        
        Hard for baby to punch, head of baby will descend to pelvis
        
        Week 38-39
        
        Involves
        
        Toenails grow, head and abdomen circumfrence are the equal, testes descend and fat added to baby
        
        Week 40
        
        Involves
        
        Baby weighs 3.4 kg and ready for birth
  - - - By
        
        Comparing the symphysis-fundus growth to the gestational age
        
        Meaning
        
        Bigger than the 90th percentile —> LGA
        
        Smaller than 10 th percentile —> SGA
    - - Is
        
        Applying pressure to the abdomen while holding the hands in specific posture
    - - Including
        
        2 dimensional
        
        By
        
        Obtaining measurements
        
        BPD
        
        HC
        
        AC
        
        FL
        
        3 dimensional
        
        4 dimensional
- - - - is
        
        Embryoo implanting in the endometrium
        
        For
        
        Growth and Development
    - - is
        
        Monthly shedding of the lining of your uterus
      - occurs
        
        28 days as an average
      - Interrupted by
        
        Stress
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        Polycystic ovary syndrome
        
        Weight changes
        
        Pregnancy
    - - is
        
        fusion of sperm nuclei and oocyte nuclei to form a zygote
      - Requires
        
        Capicatation
        
        acrosome reaction to penetrate zona pellucida
- - - - High blood pressure
        
        damage the mother’s kidneys
        
        low birth weight
        
        preeclampsia
      - Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
        
        pregnancy loss
      - Diabetes
        
        birth defects
      - Kidney disease
        
        difficulties getting and staying pregnant
        
        problems during pregnancy
      - Autoimmune disease
        
        preterm birth
        
        stillbirth
      - Thyroid disease
        
        heart failure
        
        poor weight gain
        
        brain development problems
      - Obesity
        
        diabetes during pregnancy
        
        fetus
        
        larger than normal
      - HIV/AIDS
        
        spread from mother to fetus
      - Zika infection
        
        different problems with
        
        brain
        
        nervous system
    - - before 17
        
        high blood pressure
        
        early labor
        
        not know they have
        
        sexually transmitted infection
      - After 35
        
        gestational diabetes
        
        Pregnancy loss
        
        Ectopic pregnancy
        
        Cesarean delivery
        
        Delivery complications
        
        Genetic disorders
        
        gestational hypertension
    - - Alcohol use
        
        alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)
        
        sudden infant death syndrome
      - Tobacco use
        
        preterm birth
        
        sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
      - Drug use
        
        stillbirth
    - - Preeclampsia and eclampsia
        
        affect
        
        mother’s kidneys, liver, and brain
      - Gestational diabetes
        
        preterm labor
        
        high blood pressure
        
        baby with type 2 diabetes
      - Previous preterm birth
        
        preterm labor
      - Birth defects