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NERVOUS SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram
NERVOUS SYSTEM
the role of the neuron (dendrites, axon, myelin, and axon terminals) as the primary cells involved in the reception and transmission of information across the synapse (excluding details related to signal transduction)
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Myelin sheath: covers the axon to help insulate the electrical signal speeding up neural transmission
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The Synapse
- The electrical signal reaches the axon terminal
- This signals the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles in the terminal button of the pre-synaptic neuron
- These neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic gap
- Neurotransmitters bind with the receptors on dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron which converts the chemical message into electrical
the effects of chronic changes to the functioning of the nervous system due to interference : to neurotransmitter function, as illustrated by the role of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease
Dopamine and Parkinson's
Risk Factors of Parkinson's;
- age: (average age of diagnosis is 65) over 60 is more likely
- genetics: about 15% of patients have a family history of a particular protein mutation linked to the disease)
- environment: exposure to certain pesticides or heavy metals have been linked to Parkinson's
- diet: lack of Vitamin B
- gender: men are more likely than women to develop Parkinson's
What is Dopamine?
- Dopamine is a CNS neurotransmitter that plays a role in many functions including attention, reward circuit, motivation, and muscle control
- Dopamine is produced in the substantial nigra and sent to the frontal lobe of the brain to allow for coordination of smooth, coordinated, voluntary muscle movement
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the role of different divisions of the nervous system (central and peripheral nervous systems and their associated sub divisions) in responding to, and integrating and coordinating with, sensory stimuli received by the body
CNS
Brain
Responsible for control and coordination, processes information and generates a motor response
Spinal cord
Highway of all the body's nerves, responsible for sending sensory information to the brain and sending motor messages to the PNS
PNS
Autonomic NS - regulates the functions of internal involuntary processes automatically and connects CNS to all muscles, organs and glands
Sympathetic NS: Activates internal muscles, glands and organs and prepares the body for stressful situations/vigorous activity
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Parasympathetic NS:
- maintains the body's internal systems at balance (homeostasis)
- counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic NS and returns the body to a normal level of functioning
Functions:
SNS =
- Pupils (dilate)
- Salivary glands (decrease salivation)
- Heart (accelerate heart rate)
- Stomach (decrease contractions)
PNS =
- Pupils (contract)
- Salivary glands (increase salivation)
- Heart (slow heart rate)
- Stomach (increase contractions)
Somatic NS - Responsible for carrying sensory information detected by sensory receptors in our body to the CNS via sensory Neurons. Also responsible for carrying motor messages generated in the CNS via motor neurons to skeletal muscles to control voluntary movement (completed through efferent neural pathways)
the distinction between conscious and unconscious responses by the nervous system to sensory stimuli, including the role of the spinal reflex
Conscious response:
Essentially a response that requires awareness
Are voluntary, intentional, goal directed
Tend to be be more complex and need to be learnt
Unconscious response:
Tend to be much more simple and innate
Doesn't require awareness
They are involuntary, intentional, automatic and do not usually have control over the function
They are controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Spinal reflex:
Involuntary, automatic response involving the contraction of skeletal muscles
Important to help humans void or minimise harm, as a conscious response takes too long
the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of neural information between neurons (lock-and-key process) to produce excitatory effects (as with glutamate) or inhibitory effects (as with gamma-amino butyric acid [GABA])
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