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Developmental Psychology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - extra x chromosome: xxy
      - testes do not function properly. less testosterone
      - reduced/infertility, taller body shape, lower muscle tone/strength, less facial/body hair, more breast tissue, low mood and anxiety, difficulty in social situations, low energy levels, difficulties wit focusing, organizing tasks, and attention, language development difficulties, intelligence is unaffected
      - Have more of a likilihoodd of developing diabetes, breast cancer, weak bones, blood clots, heart disease, and autoimmune disease
      - Treatment: Testosterone replacement therapy
    - - Only affects girls
      - 1/2000 girls
      - the second x chromosome is missing or altered
      - shorter than average, ovary malfunction, less estrogen and progesterone production, irregular periods, wide neck, slightly puffy hands and feet
      - weaker bones, hearing difficulties, problems with heart, kidneys or thyroid gland, some differences with behavior and learning, but intelligence is not affected
      - infertile but can become pregnant with IVF
      - 99% of fetuses are miscarried or stillborn
    - - gene on x chromosome is damaged
      - intellectual disability, learning disability, social and behavioral problems, anxiety, inability to focus, hyperactivity, fidgeting, ADHD
      - Physical traits: elongated face, larger ears, flat feet, low muscle tone, flexible joints, prominent jaw and forehead
      - Positive personalities, strong visual memories
      - Is passed through the x chromosome. Mother can pass it to both sexes of children, father can only pass it to daughter
      - most common genetic cause of autism
    - - signs: intellectual disabilities (~IQ of 8 or 9 year old), distinct physical features: slanted eyes, eye folds, short nose, flat nasal bridge, palmer crease is singular, large space between first and second toes, flexible, low muscle tone
      - they have a third 21st chromosome (not genetic) or translocation in the 14th chromosome, which could be genetic
      - common: congenital heart disease (holes between atrium and ventricle), blood cancer, less development of other cancers, epilepsy, dementia, decrease fertility.
  - - - when the foot is stroked from the bottom to the top of the bottom of the foot, the toes widen apart and big toe goes backwards.
      - Disappears at age 1
      - If persists into adulthood, could be a sign of brain damage
    - - They are startled after a nose or sudden movement. Arms up and out, arched back, possibly cry
      - Disappears at 6 months of age
      - evolutionarily cling to mothers
    - - touching the cheek makes the baby's head turn
      - Disappears at 4 months
    - - Palmer - touching the palm makes the baby's hand close. Disappears around 4-6 months of age
      - Plantar - same thing as Palmer but with the foot. Disappears from 9months to 1 year of age
  - - - facts, general knowledge
      - Older people have better
    - - novel problem solving ability, pattern recognition
      - younger people are better at
    - - general intelligence. Spearman's.
- - - - superego strenghtens
      - No conflicts
    - - Oedipus Complex
      - Recognition of genitalia
      - Penis Envy
    - - balancing sexual desires between Id, Ego, and Superego
  - - - Outcome: Hope
    - - Outcome: Will
    - - Outcome: Purpose
    - - Outcome: Fidelity/Confidence
- - - - based on punishment and obedience
    - - 1) good boy/good girl and 2) law and order
    - - Social Contracts, democratic rule making, rules can be broken for a greater purpose
  - - - Focus is on themselves. What makes me feel good/bad.
    - - focus is other people
    - - balance between care for self and other people
- - - - Secure Attachment - child is comforted by parent
      - Insecure Ambivalent Attachment - child wants comfort but it still upset
      - Insecure Avoidant Attachment - child does not acknowledge parent
      - Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment - child does not calm down and may be even more upset by their parent's presence
        
        Abusive parents
  - - - secure
        
        low in avoidance and low in anxiety / positive view of others and positive view of self
        
        communicative, interdependent, confident, have a healthy amount of intimacy, healthy boundaries
      - preoccupied
        
        Positive view of other and negative view of self. Low in avoidance and high in anxiety
        
        savior complex or feel like they need to be saved by someone else. A bit clingy
      - dismissive
        
        high view of self, low view of others
        
        They want the upsides of relationships but not the downsides. Other people are burdens
      - fearful
        
        low view of self and others
        
        Always anxious about relationships, punish themselves and other people
  - - - Establishes boundaries, considers perspective of child, creating dialogue, children play a role of rules and consequences
      - children develop secure attachment styles
    - - rules are enforced in top-down fashion, not democratic
      - children will be resentful. will be obedient out of fear
    - - Not reinforcing rules, seeing their child as a friend, not establishing boundaries
      - they can become codependent, reject authority
    - - Parent ignores the child
      - child cannot express emotions, cannot trust or depend on other people
    - - try to control every aspect of their children's lives
      - children give up easily, get stressed out easily when they have challenges, don't develop personal responsibility.
- - - - Criticism
      - Contempt - best predictor of divorce
      - Defensiveness
      - Stonewalling