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Psych Exam 1 - Coggle Diagram
Psych Exam 1
Research Methods:
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Case Study: detailed description of a particular individual based on careful observation or on formal psychological testing.
Advantage: generate new theories, gives a lot of data, opportunity to study something thats already presented.
Disadvantage: always from one, its generalized. Ex, observing a school shooting at one school and why someone did it
Observational study: research observes, measures, and records behavior taking car to avoid intruding on the people (or animals) being observed.
Naturalistic observation: observes in natural habitat (airport, restaurant, spirting games)
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Psychological Tests: procedures for measuring and evaluating personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests abilities, and values.
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Correlation: measuring the strength of the relationship between two or more variables, no manipulation of the variables, just measuring and observing. Correlation does not prove causation.
Surveys: questionnaires and interviews that gather information by asking people directly about their experiences, attitudes or opinions.
Representative sample - group of subjects that accurately represent the larger population that the researcher wishes to describe.
Volunteer bias - people who feel strongly enough to volunteer their opinions may differ from those who remain silent.
Experimentation: allow the researcher to control, or manipulte the situation being studying, the researcher does something that he/she believes will affect peoples behavior and then observes what will happen.
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definitions
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Placebo - treatment that appears to be real, but is designed to have no therapeutic benefit.
Quasi-experiment: A type of study in which the researcher and manipulate an independant variable but cannot use random assignment. Quasi means "as if" or "almost". Instead of random assignment, "matching" to a "comparison group" is used.
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Nature and Nurture
Nature: hard wired to know; humans enter the world with an inborn store of knowledge and a basic understanding of reality.
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Victor of Aveyron: a kid who was lost from his family (found in forest). It raises the question of "is language something we are born to learn". He could communicate but not use words and he was not able to learn it since he was already 12.
Now we understand it is nature and nurture. Critical time to learn a language is in the early stages of life (nurture). Certain time in life (nature) to develop these skills.
Twins: If these identical twins are in diffrent setting we could look at their characteristics. They have the same nature but diferent nurture.
Monozygotic: identical twins, same egg
Dizygotic: feternal, 2 eggs
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Mental Health Disorder: if schizophrenia is a genetic contribution (nature) then both twins brain should look the same. In the photo they are diffrent, therefore, it could be the environment (nurture) that caused the mental illness. This tells us that it is not just nature. In the stats it shows that 48% change identical twins have schizophrenia..if it was just nature it should be a higher percent.
Examples of environmental, intersectional, genetically determined characteristics.
Environmental (nurture) - language, religion, world view
Interaction - height, weight, freckles
Genetic (nature) - blood type, eye color
Intro to Psych
Definition of psychology: the scientific study of human an animal behaviors and mental processes and the factors that influence them.
Goals of Psychology:
- Description - often where we start (autism)
- Understadning - genetic, gender
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- Control - change environment to help people succeed.
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School of thought:
Structuralism:
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Methods: intospection, experiments
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