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Bio Aspects of Obesity 2, Genetic Aspects of Obesity (3/4), Bio Aspects of…

- - - - What set of Arcuate Nucleus regulate food intake and energy balance antagonistically?
        
        Orexigenic neurons- appetite stimulating neurons/ AgRP
        
        Anaorexigenic neurons- appetite suppressing; POMC;
      - What are peripheral signals?
        
        Leptin(hormone)- produced by adipose tissue proportional to fat-stores ; ACTIVATES POMC; INHIBITS AgRP -> INHIBIT food intake & increase energy expenditure
        
        Insulin- from pancreas after ingestion; long term regulator; makes satiety action of leptin
        
        Ghrelin- from stomach; stimulates food intake; activates AgRP neurons
        
        What intestinal hormones inhibit food intake?
        
        Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
        
        Peptide Y (PYY3-36)
        
        Cholecystokinin(CCK)
      - Microbiome- symbiotic microorganisms; digest indigestible foods; synthesize vitamins; yield short chain fatty acids - nutrients & prevents chronic disease
    - - vasculature around the hypothalamus where the blood barrier is weak and molecules enter through capillaries
  - - - increased by- higher lean body mass; tallness; age; stress; male gender
- - - - What are the two compartments that white adipose tissue is classified innto?
        
        Subcutaneous adipose tissue- storage compartment; uder dermis of the skin
        
        subcutaneous obesity / gynoid obesity: anti inflammatory; protects again many diseases
        
        Viscera ladipose tissue- surroudns internal organs; correlates closely with obesity-related health risks
        
        visceral obesity / android obesity: pro inflammatory; pro disease
  - - - How do hyper plasia/trophy underly health risks?
        
        hyperplasia- "protective"
        
        Hypertrophy- deleterious
      - How does the enlargment of adipocytes effect the person?
        
        impedes circulation & promotes hypoxia
        
        Hypoxia aka low oxygen- triggers release of pro-inflammatorry cytokines and migration of immune cells- > chronic inflammation
        
        Cell death produces excess extracellular matrix proteins
        
        In turn causes build up of fibrotic scar tissue; loss of normal function
        
        What are the functional changes in adipokine production?
        
        What are adipokines?
        
        proteins/hormones that regulate physiological functions (metabolism, food intake, reproduction) ; target local and distant tissue
        
        What are the characteristics of healthy fat adipokine production?
        
        Healthy- insulin sensitivity; promote glucose uptake; anti-inflammation actions
        
        obesity fat - proinflammation; decrease insulin insensitivity; decrease glucose uptake
        
        proinflammation causes defective insuli signnalinng; impaired glucose uptake; stroke; myocardial infarcttoin; peripheral artery disease
        
        What are some anatomical changes ?
        
        increased pharryngeal soft tissue -> obstructive sleep apnea
        
        increased mechanincal load on joings -> osteoarthritis
        
        increased intraabdominal pressure -> gastroesophageal reflux disease
        
        mechanical stress on joints
- - - - promotes local cell dysfunction; impaired metabolism; cell death; targettng liver, pancreas, heart, kidneys; DEFECTS IN MITOCHONDRIA