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History revision EOY, History Answering techniques - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Singapore gaining independence
        
        The British were unwilling to give Singapore full independence and remained control over Singapore's external affairs and defence
        
        They feared that Singapore was too small on its own and they were worried that external or internal threats could cause Singapore to fall again
        
        Thus, Singapore joining the federation of Malaysia with Sabah and Sarawak would help to convince the British to grant Singapore independence.
        
        Gives Singapore the necessary political stability with Malaysia's political experience in administration and dealing with communist threat
      - Dealing with the communist threat in Singapore
        
        Tunku Abdul Rahman feared that the rise in communist movement in Singapore would grow and spill into Malaya if not addressed properly. He has had experience dealing with communist uprising in Malaya too before during the Malaya emergency.
        
        Thus, merger meant that the Tunku could provide Singapore with support and advice to deal with the communist uprising and convince the British to give Singapore independence
    - - The common market
        
        The Malayan government imposed tariffs on Singaporean goods and it limited trade between both countries.
        
        Merger would help to establish a common market and mean that Singapore's goods would no longer be taxed in Malaya which helps to decrease the price of Singaporean goods and increase demand for them and therefore will allow Singapore's economy to improve.
      - Raw materials / Natural resources
        
        Singapore lacked natural resources and could not produce goods efficiently and sustainably.
        
        Merger would allow Singapore to access the Malayan Hinterland which had more natural resources that Singapore needed for trade and production of goods that can help generate Singapore's economic growth
  - - - Fearful of the high population of Chinese in Singapore
        
        The Tunku feared that merger would upset the racial balance in Malaya and decrease the power and influence of the Malays in Malaya as Singapore had a high population of Chinese that may be reluctant to accept the Malay culture
        
        Using Malay as their national language
        
        Accepting Islam as their state language
        
        A Malay sultan as their head of state
      - Fear of Communist influence in Singapore
        
        The Tunku was fearful that Merger would lead to the influence of communism in the Chinese of Singapore to spread to Malaya and cause a repeat of the Malayan emergency.
      - Fear of Radicals in the PAP that might split it apart
        
        The Hong Lim by-election showed that there was increasing support for radicals in Singapore who wanted control of the PAP and free Singapore of colonial rule by establishing a communist government through forceful means.
    - - Reasons for the change of response
        
        Lose influence over security measures in Singapore and make the threat of communism harder to contain without a colonial government if there was no merger
      - The 6 key points of the proposed merger:
        
        Singapore would have its own head of state
        
        Singapore citizens would be given the title of "Federal nationals" instead of "Federal Citizens"
        
        Singapore could hold its own elections to choose its own state government. Singapore citizens would only be able to vote in elections held in Singapore.
        
        Singapore would collect its own revenue and pay Kuala Lumpur an agreed-sum
        
        Singapore would have control over education and labour matters, and its own civil service
        
        The federal government, stationed in Kuala Lumpur , would oversee Singapore's defence, internal security and dealings with foreign governments
  - - - The reasons that the Barisan socialist opposed the merger:
        
        The Barisan Socialist though that merger was unfavourable towards Singapore
        
        Unfair as merger with Malaysia did not include automatic Malaysian citizenship ad Singaporeans would only be known as "Federal nationals" and could only vote in Singapore elections
        
        Unfair as Merger didn't allow Singapore to control its own internal security
        
        3.Singappore would only have 15 seats in the federal government while Sabah and Sarawak who had a smaller population had more seats
      - What they did to oppose merger:
        
        They started a campaign to oppose the merger in 1961:
        
        Student demonstrations and labour strikes
        
        Debated issues surrounding the proposed merger in radio forums
    - - What did PAP do to gather the support from the people?
        
        Mr Lee Kuan Yew gave a series of radio talks called the Battle for Merger in three different languages to convince Singaporeans that Merger was essential for Singapore to progress and grow
        
        PAP also established exhibitions to highlight the benefit of merger to Singapore
  - - - Referendum was held on 1 September 1962 and over 70% chose option A but about 25% cast blank votes in favour of the Barisan Socialist
    - - The Barisan Socialist was weakened after an incident where the Internal security council detained more than 20 members including Lim Chin Siong
      - They were arrested after they were accused of attempting to sabotage the formation of Malaya
  - - - Opposed the merger as they felt that it would give the British more influence continued control over the territories in the Malaysian federation
      - They also thought that North Borneo and Sarawak should come under its influence as opposed to Malaya's
      - What did they do?
        
        Broke off diplomatic and trade relations with malaysia
        
        Launched a policy called Konfrantasi to cause instability and unrest in the states that were about to join Malaya including Military attacks and bombings
    - - Insisted that it had the rightful claim to north Borneo and did not recognise Malaysia
      - What did they do?
        
        Broke off relations with Malaysia in 1963
    - - Agreed to join Malaysia after two-thirds of the people voted to join Malaysia
- - - - Composition of political parties
        
        Singapore political parties such as PAP were multiracial and sought to represent the interests of all races and communities
        
        The federal government was formed by alliance parties that comprised of communal parties such as UMNO, MCA and MIC and they sough to look after the interests of their ethnic communities.
      - Treatment of races
        
        Singapore felt that regardless of race or religion, everyone should be given the same rights and treatment
        
        Special privileges in employment, business and education are given to the Malays to improve their economic and social positions.
    - - Common market
        
        A common market was promised to be set up during merger to remove tariffs on Singapore-made goods and make it cheaper
        
        However, there was a delay in setting up the common market and tariffs were still imposed on Singapore-made goods to protect Malaya's industries and prevent competition from Singaporean industries
      - Revenue Contributions
        
        It was originally agreed in the proposed merger to contribute 40% of its revenue to the federal government in KL
        
        During merger, the federal government increased Singapore's contribution to 60% to fund their defence due to Konfrontasi.
        
        Singapore felt that the decision was unfair
- - - - Racial riots
    - - Konfrontasi
        
        It was an Indonesian policy to oppose the formation of the federation of Malaysia through military attacks and bombings throughout Singapore and malaysia
        
        The conflicts affected Singapore as bombings were conducted by Indonesian saboteurs which targeted important buildings to disrupt life in Singapore.
      - Communist terrorism
        
        The MCP(Malayan Communist Party) split up into smaller groups and were no longer as dangerous but acts of violence were still comitted by the communists.
      - International terrorism
        
        A group of hijackers held many people in a ferry boat hostage. They were only convinced to set free the hostages when their demand for a safe passage from Singapore to Kuwait was met.
        
        This was one of a few cases of international terrorism that occured in Singapore
      - The Vietnam war
        
        A large scale-war was occuring outside of Singapore in Vietnam when it split apart into North(Communist) and South Vietnam(Democrat).
        
        This made Singapore scared as if North Vietnam were to win, communism may spread to it. This also threatened the stability of Southeast Asia as communist influence may spread to all the surrounding countries.
      - British military withdrawal from Singapore
        
        After WW2, the UK had to start rebuilding itself and they needed to build up their economy again. They no longer had any resources left to support the other Asian colonies they had so they had to withdraw from them.
        
        Singapore always relied on the British for defence so it was left very undefended and vulnerable without the aid of the British.
        
        Singapore only had 2,000 soldiers at that time. With the defences vulnerable to attacks and breaches, it would cause lesser companies to build businesses or trade in Singapore and it would affect Singapore’s economic growth.
  - - - Introducing National Service
        
        With the withdrawal of the British troops, Singapore quickly trained young boys from 18 years of age to serve NS and Singapore’s defence force slowly grew.
        
        The aim was to convince potential enemies not to launch an attack, as it would either fail or be very costly.
        
        At first, NS was received with anxiety and unfamiliarity by young men who were forced to serve NS despite still needing to support their family.
      - Establishing a home-grown defence industry
        
        Singapore needed to provide Soldiers with military equipment and they decided to acquire equipment from countries like from USA and and France.
        
        However, relying on other countries for military equipment was a potential weakness so Defence Minister, Dr Goh Keng Swee, decided to develop Singapore's defence industry.
      - Strengthening Military Cooperations with other countries
        
        To further strengthen its defence, Singapore decided to further strengthen its relations with Commonwealth countries to allow them to buy equipment, train and learn from them.
        
        In 1971, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, UK and Malaysia established the Five Power Defence Arrangement(FPDA) to consult one another in an event of an armed attack on Singapore or Malaysia
    - - Establishing diplomatic relations with other countries
        
        Besides pursuing military cooperation, Singapore also developed diplomatic relations with other countries to encourage other country to recognise Singapore as an independent country
        
        This will ensure that Singapore had friends that recognised its independence and had an interest in keeping it safe and secure.
      - Growing Bilateral relationships
        
        Singapore also wanted to build close relations with influencial countries such as USA and China and cultivate friendships with them so that both countries will help each other
      - Joining international and regional organisations
        
        It was also important that Singapore joined international organisations such as the UN and ASEAN that would recognise its existence as an independent country so that its voice will be heard by the world.
- - - - Limited access to the Malaysian Hinterland
        
        Trade between Singapore and Malaysia decreased after the separation which limited the amount of raw materials that Singapore could obtain from the Malaysian Hinterland
        
        This caused industries and factories in Singapore which processed raw rubber and other materials and exported them to receive limited amounts of raw materials and therefore makes lesser trade and exports.
      - Threat of unemployment
        
        Owing to the Post-war baby boom, Singapore's population drastically which meant that there was an insufficient amount of jobs which led to mass unemployment
        
        Job opportunities decreasing
        
        Entrepot trade had been declining since World War 2 as many countries also opened their ports which led to the decline of jobs
        
        The British announcement of the closure of all their military bases in 1967 also caused a major lack of jobs as a large livelihood of over 40,00 people relied on delivering and serving the British servicemen staying there
      - Increased prices on Singapore-made goods
        
        After merger, Malaysia started to impose tariffs on Singapore's goods again to raise their prices and lower the demand for Singapore's goods in order to make Malaysian-made goods more affordable and cheaper.
        
        Thus, trade decreased between Singapore and Malaysia which caused Singapore's economy to decrease.
    - - Development of Export-orientated industrialisation
        
        Dr Goh Keng swee stablished the Economic Development Board to promote industrial development in Singapore so as to attract Multinational Corporations to set up factories and industries in Singapore
        
        It was successful as Singapore provided much of what the MNCs sought out for and it thus attracted many companies to set up industries in Singapore.
        
        Many industries such as electronics, Petroleum refining, Ship building and Repair and Garments and textile were key industries that Singapore developed.
      - Development of infastructure
        
        The Government also developed key infastructures in the economy to facilitate the growth of Singapore's manufacturing industries
        
        Public utilities
        
        Air transport
        
        Banking and finance
        
        Sea transport
        
        Telecommunications
        
        Land transport