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Chapter 6 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 6
Organization
Sentence positions- most important part of a paragraph is the first sentence, which introduces the topic, and the last paragraph which is used to draw a conclusion. The first sentence is more powerful because it directs the reader through the whole process.
Topic sentence- used as an overview and proceeds into detail. The beginning of the topic sentence introduces the message. The end is the stress position with highlights of the paper. Beginning topic sentences need to include transitions from the paragraph before. If the topic sentence is at the end it will s how more emphasis and introduce the following paragraph.
Topic order
Parallel topic form is good to locate information within a paragraph and places similar ideas together by using the same grammatical style. If a list is provided, describe in the same order as listed and never add new items. If needed to add interpretation add into a separate paragraph
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Cohesion
Neat and logically put together sentences are easier to read and word location is most important for cohesion. When the informative sentences are related to the topic sentence brings cohesion. Make sure all topic information is addressed before adding new information. The information provided at the end of a sentence should be the beginning information for the next sentence, this keeps cohesion and the same point of view
Each sentence should have a link to both the preview sentence and the one after that. If going back and fourth between old topics and new topics, the links will become confusing. This makes it also confusing to distinguish between the stress and the topic. Remember your writing for the reader, do not expect they know all background information, clarify to lessen confusion.
Key terms
Key terms are used to create continuity and to identify important ideas. They identify main points, should be clearly defined, and used all through the paper. Being kept unchanged. Repeating key terms expresses the importance of the term. When changing the key term to something similar but different the reader might not understand their the same thing.
When shifting from category term to specific term, use the category to define the specific. Leave out "which is" from the definition if the two words are linked. If they do not know use "known as."
Condensing
To many words becomes a problem. Establish importance, distinguish between important and less important to include in your writing. Ask a fellow scientist to tell you what's important so there is no bias. Place most important information by putting it in t he power position, less important can be the subordinate clause. and omit non important information.
Redundancies, jargons, and flowery phases need to go. Check each sentence and omit what is not needed, always use the shorter equivalence of the word and state facts. Take out phrases that explain what the paragraph is as well as "it" and "that" phrases. If information is important, reword it. Avoid negative, it will shorten the words and make it more enjoyable for the readers.
Paragraph structure
If the reader has to read the paragraph more than once, something is wrong, even if sentence structure and word choices are great, if there are missing transitions and connections it wont be coherent. Sentences need to be in a certain order, incorporating sentences that tie together and have them relate back to the beginning of the paragraph is key. Use transitions to connect ideas within a paragraph. Try to combine sentences to improve the relationship and connection, use the word "because" for smooth transitions.
Middle paragraph
Organize in whichever list is necessary or a compare and contrast. Always begin with a topic sentence regardless of how the paper is organized and end with a summary statement.
Consistent point of view
Switching between point of view and person begins to confuse the reader and can become messy. Using the same subject through the whole paragraph can fix this.
Coherence and continuity
Coherency is creating many sentences that logically fit together and flow from sentence to sentence, this in hand gives continuity. Key terms and transitions are key to this, readers want the topic sentence for each paragraph to be clear and each topic to fit together.
Transitions
Used to understand each sentence and how each paragraph is related to each other and the whole topic. Transitions appear at the beginning of a sentence, and end with a comma. transitions show the relationship between sentences but logical relationships do not need transitions. Limit unless it is to like ideas together.
Hofmann AH. 2020. Scientific writing and communication : papers, proposals, and presentations. New York: Oxford University Press.