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Exam 1, Plant Life, high temps, little to no Oxygen, Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2…

- - - - metabolism may have predated macromolecules
      - hydrogen sulfide reacts with iron monosulfide to form pyrite
        
        yields energy
        
        yield chemical reducing power
        
        hydrogen
    - - chemosynthesis & heterotrophy metabolism in lower clades
      - photosynthesis only found in upper branches
      - Early branches
        
        hyperthermophilic prokaryotes
        
        do not use oxygen during metabolism
        
        most die in the presence of oxygen
        
        are descended from ancestors
  - - - impetus for energy production
    - - RIG
        
        Reduction is Gain
    - - OIL
        
        Oxidation is Loss
    - - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
      - Electron Carrier
      - moves back and forth
  - - - circulation of electrons
        
        circulation of protons
        
        synthesis of ATP
  - - - produces pyruvate
    - - into C3 pyruvate
    - - energy is stored in 2 ATP/glucose # #
      - reducing equivalents are formed in 2 NADH/glucose # # #
    - - uses 2 ATP
        
        produces 4 ATP
      - begins with glucose (C6)
        
        ends with pyruvate (C3)
    - - each is important in biosynthetic pathways
      - pyruvate is final product
        
        enters
        
        fermentation #
        
        aerobic respiration
      - G3P
        
        PGAL
        
        C3H7O6P
      - PGA
    - - NADH recycled to NAD+
        
        fermentation
        
        lactic acid
        
        ethanol
        
        in the cytosol
    - - 2.7 bya
        
        cyanobacteria used H2O as electron donor
        
        Oxygen remained low for 2 billion years
        
        carbon burial by plants
        
        eukaryotes evolve 1.8 bya
        
        1.3 billion years in aerobic respiration
  - - - began with chemosynthesizmers
        
        living around volcanic vents
    - - chemosynthesizers use oxidation of energy-rich inorganic molecules
      - plants use sunlight
      - glycolysis uses 2 ATP
  - - - Alpha & Beta
- - - - contain info
      - perform limited number of functions
      - divide, interact, fuse
      - Experimental evidence
        
        dry/wet cycle
        
        DNA & Lipids
        
        sandwich to lipid vesicle w/ DNA inside
        
        Suggest spontaneous formed
  - - - facilitate metabolism
      - receptor for functions and self identity
- - - - 3.5 BYA
      - Luca
        
        3.5 bya
        
        Last Universal Common Ancestors
      - Evo. of Metabolic Pathways #
        
        Time Line
        
        4.5 bya
        
        Earth Formed
        
        4.2-4.0 bya
        
        Prebiotic Chemistry
        
        4.0 bya
        
        Pre-RNA world
        
        3.8 bya
        
        2 more items...
      - Plant Evolution #
        
        1.6 bya
        
        1st Algea
        
        600 mya
        
        first land plants
        
        350 mya
        
        seed plants
        
        150 mya
        
        flowering plants
        
        Punctuated equilibrium
        
        New forms appear suddenly
        
        It seems sudden.. Why?
        
        very few fossils with limited distribution
        
        Descent with Modification
        
        nested design
        
        gives rise to different taxonomic groups
        
        Nested Design
        
        Tree if Life analogy
        
        similarities of RNA & proteins
        
        geological strata
        
        gives clues to descent
        
        fossils
        
        Biological molecules
        
        enviromental isotopes
        
        evidence for photosynthesis #
        
        Carbon
        
        99 % C12
        
        3 more items...
        
        C14 & 13
        
        1 more item...
  - - - chemical reactions could have made life possible
        
        ammonia and methane were most abundant
      - Chemosynthetic Hypothesis #
        
        Stanley Miller
        
        1953
        
        Gases thought to be relevant to early atmosphere
        
        Sparks caused by electrodes stimulate lightening storms
        
        A reddish brown tint contains amino acids
        
        experiment mirrored natural conditions
    - - simple enough to form by physical processes
      - lays groundwork for living cells
      - self replicating
      - direct synthesis of other compounds
    - - early conditions not set up to leap to RNA
        
        PNA can direct RNA complement
        
        RNA could have replaced as precursor
    - - RNA is an information rich molecule
      - self replicating
      - catalyze its own replication
      - life matured, evolution introduced division of labor
        
        DNA provided more stable library
        
        protons took over most catalytic function
    - - Simple beginnings based on naturally occurring molecules
      - complex biochemistry shaped by
        
        Natural selection
        
        gene duplication
        
        lateral transfer
- - - - DNA
        
        Molecular machinery for transcribing
      - RNA
        
        machinery to translate RNA to Proteins
        
        structure
        
        regulation