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The Blood 29 August - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Hemoglobin
        
        Made up of Heme part and Globin part
        
        4 globin chains, each contains 1 heme molecule
        
        1 heme molecule carries 1 oxygen molecule
        
        1 hemoglobin hence contains 4 oxygen molecules
        
        Heme
        
        Pigment complex, 1 iron (Fe):1 O2 molecule
        
        Globin
        
        4 folded polypeptide chains, made up of 2 alpha + 2 beta chains (subunits), and each chain
        contains a single heme molecule
    - - Production sites:
        
        Fetus: yolk sac, developing liver
        and spleen.
        
        Children: most bones are filled
        with red bone marrow.
        
        Adults: bone marrow in ribs,
        sternum, vertebrae, pelvis &
        upper end of long bones.
      - Erythropoietin (EPO)
        EPO regulates the erythropoiesis
        
        Stimuli include reduced RBC (trauma), insufficient hemoglobin (iron deficiency), insufficient oxygen (high altitude)
        
        Kidney and liver produces EPO
        
        EPO stimulates red bone marrow
        4. See next step
        
        Process
        Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow produces:
        
        Proerythroblast. Then it develops into
        
        Erythroblast. After 2 days, it becomes a
        
        Normoblast. It then releases its nucleus to form
        
        Reticulocytes, which goes into the bloodstream and eventually become a RBC.
        
        Normal reticulocyte count: 0.8 – 1.5%
        
        Too much = Polycythemia
        Too little = Anemia
      - Nutrients needed:
        
        Proteins
        
        Lipids
        
        Carbohydrates.
        
        Iron (0.5 to 1mg/day loss for males. 300mg for pregnant ladies)
        
        Vitamin B12 (2 μg/day)
        
        Folic acid. (50 μg/day)