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Engineering Design - Coggle Diagram

- - - -  RAILWAY TRANSPORT: mass transport mode with the lowest emissions
      -  RAILWAY TRANSPORT: low impact on air quality
      -  RAILWAY TRANSPORT: transport mode with the lowest external costs
      -  RAILWAY TRANSPORT: sovereign mode of transport
      -  RAILWAY ASSETS: long life expectancy
- - - - The understanding of the mindset of engineers, and empathy, put relations between engineering and public interest at the center. It makes engineering more democratic, it dilutes the monopoly of experts, brings problematization to engineering. Includes trust.
      - STS can help with
        
        detecting ethical dilemmas
        
        guide judgment
        
        broaden their vision
        
        understanding how others can be affected by their actions
        
        Wicked Problem
        
        seeing possibilities or help build alternatives.
        
        dealing with principles, codes of conduct, toolkits, decision trees, software tools, in-house ethics support, chief ethics officer, external boards, internal boards, review committees (Jacob Metcalf video).
      - an engineering design is needed for the communication btw engineers and others, as well as the consolidation of the work of many disciplines.
      - interactional expertise (cf. Collins, Evans)
        
        engineering practice is a fertile ground for the "activism" of the Low Church branch of STS. It is at the edge of social impact
      - post-ELSI interdisciplinary collaboration (cf. Balmer)
      - STS can help judge/challenge the regulations, their origin etc.
    - - REFLEXIVITY
        
        Discuss with students what their background and expectations are upfront.
        
        Tailor the course to their needs.
      - Education of engineers (they need to see ethics as part of what it is to be engineer), reduction of distance btw social sciences and STEM.
      - engineers should internalize responsibility (cf. Coeckelbergh)
      - the comfort of having regulations should be reduced with other perspectives
      - they need to be trained to work even when regulations are not there to guide
      - How engineers are trained has to incorporate social issues.
      - in some sectors, countries etc, regulation is not there to guide. students from stem may be lost when they are practicing in their countries.
  - - - NSPE CoE:
        Preamble
        Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.
        I. Fundamental Canons
        Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:
        • Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
        • Perform services only in areas of their competence.
        • Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
        • Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
        • Avoid deceptive acts.
        • Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.
      - Regulation is deemed the sate of the art, as accumulated knowledge
      - compare approach to science as the one to regulations
        
        safety matters are extensively regulated already, due to historical experience
        
        regulator are deemed authorities such as scientists
      - Professor treats regulation as the state of the art in terms of practice, as if they were in a constant evolution becoming better and better (pre-Kuhn, Merton?)
      - ver Introduction by Sismondo
    - - encapsulates design experience, embodies accumulated historical knowledge.
        
        Knowledge building
        
        • Lessons learned
        • Store past experience
        • Intense interaction of disciplines
        • Use of the same platforms
        • codification
      - higher predictability (TRUST)
        
        higher consistency of decisions and solutions
        
        tecnical harmonization (uniformity) within the network, countries etc.
        
        to inspector
        
        to constructors
        
        to client
        
        to users
      - society knows what to expect
        
        they encapsulates society’s commands to engineers, assuming they are a result of democratically deliberated regulations.
        
        Social issues are codified, normative. They are made rules, as it is an old activity.
      - floor to performance
        
        regardless of the ethical development level of the engineers involved, their experience etc.
      - reduce accident (safety, environment etc) probability
      - makes inspetions easier
      - makes communication and engineering discipline interface easier
      - companies can employ least experience engineers to do the job.
      - help engineers resist other pressures he/she is exposed to: managers, clients etc.
    - - cost-benefit analysis in safety regulations, see NERA
    - - wishes of the client (cost of project, schedule, operation & maintenance)
      - managerial requirements (profit, efficiency, division of labor)
      - professional organisations (Code of Conduct)
      - social values and culture
      - ideology
      - Methods
    - - no guarantee that future will resemble the past
      - they fail to account for all differences in specific projects, situations etc.
      - may cause the sensation that all risks are being minimized
      - engineers may not internalize the role of risk reduction and safety enhancement
      - box-ticking-type of engineering job
      - less autonomy to engineers
      - may hinder creative solutions, innovation
      - fails to recognise individual’s own intention and capacity to make autonomous decisions.
      - projects the idea of lack of trust in engineers
  - - - german regulations
        
        environment and safety
        
        water, seasons, temperature delta etc.
        
        seismic problem in other places.
        
        german accumulated experience
        
        how knowledge is built? Similar to normative perspective about science
      - non-german students
        
        Alunos: Gana, India, Canada, Colombia: uso de instrumentos de medição que podem não está disponíveis messes paises, trem bala tecnology
        
        The knowledge is german-centered. They might not be readily useful if their application is needed in a developing country. (check main problem in the installation of traffic infrastructure in the developing world)
        
        Falar sobre a experiência dos estrangeiros? Both the These factors gain increased relevance, as the students may become practitioners of engineering in their home countries, where the economic and historical circumstances as well as the surrounding culture, ideology, and social values may differ enormously. Not to mention the natural worlds where the infrastructure they will design will be constructed. the applicability of the knowledge: possible translations, except for brief mentions to the Chinese and the Japanese experiences in roads and railway construction. Therefore, the engineering knowledge built and delivered in Germany, without a proper debated with the students, may lack a conscious translation to the realities of those future engineers abroad.
      - english language
    - - Definition:
        the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures.
        a field of study or activity concerned with modification or development in a particular area: software engineering. (Oxford)
      - PERFORMANCE measument: ver Campos, cantos
        
        Intl Transport Forum: Efficiency entails maximising the outputs from a set of inputs (technical efficiency) or creating an optimal
        mix of inputs to maximise output (allocative efficiency). A single description of efficiency relevant for
        railway owners/operators, government, users or the regulator is difficult. Operators will define it in
        terms of access to and cost of infrastructure. Users are interested in availability, reliability or speed. The
        regulator will measure both technical and allocative efficiency, and will require different information to
        examine both.
      - engineers are present in all steps of a project, but here I will refer to those working in the engineering design, in the early stages of a project.
  - - - They may even fail to recognise having an ethical dilemma before them.
      - there is so much they dont know...
      - impossible to account for all risks
    - - The technological solutions are result of judgments by experts, engineers, rather then on any formal engineering method.
    - - safe and effective use of infra
        
        safety (accidents)
        
        Across the world Prevention through Engineering and Design (PtED) goes by many names; Safety in Design, Safety by Design, Prevention by Design. Regardless what we call it we all have the same objective – to utilise human skills and knowledge during formal “design” to shape the built environment to eliminate or reduce injuries and fatalities to those that build, maintain and use these products of human labour (outcomes). We also know that the management of design and the context in which it occurs (implementation factors) can be enablers or constraints to our goal.
        
        see NERA (cost-benefit analysis)
      - construction works
      - environment
      - community of infrastructure (neightbors)
    - - engineers are normally removed from things. Disengaged.
        
        "banality-of-evil" (see notebook)
        
        microscopic vision
        
        "Think about the bigger picture"
      - may be the case of difficult to think from the standpoint of somebody else.
      - cog in the machine
      - following orders, dealing with other pressures
    - - engineers need not take responsibility alone
- - - - rubber disks
        
        Co production: The ruber disk was made to address vibration. Vibration comes into concern object as there is a possibility to remediate them. For it to be successful, it must be made to fit its environment and its environment must be able to fit it.
        
        Stuttgart21 tradeoff between noise reduction and cost-effectiveness.