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Factors associated with tobacco smoking - Coggle Diagram
Factors associated with tobacco smoking
Biological
Genetic predisposition
Estimated 40-70% of smoking initiation stems from genetic vulnerability
(Quaak et al., 2009)
Prenatal/childhood nicotine exposure
Causes cognitive deficits and behavioral issues which influence addiction patterns
(Hellström-Lindahl and Nordberg, 2002)
Gender
Higher tobacco use in males than females
(NIDA, 2020)
Race/ethnicity
Certain races, like American Indians, have greater smoking tendencies
(Tobacco Control, 1998)
Disability
Smoking frequency far higher in disabled populations
(CDC, 2020)
Neurotransmitter imbalances/mental illness
Mental illness/ high stress lifestyle correlated with increasing smoking
Use in adolesence
Increased risk of addiction, brain damage
(CDC, 2019)
Drug hypersensitivity
Individuals respond differently to drugs (caffeine, alcohol, tobacco)
(Pichler, 2014)
IQ
Lower IQ associated with increased smoking prevalence
(Hemmingsson et al., 2008)
Psychological
Unawareness of negative impacts
Lack of education on risks of smoking has shown to increase tobacco use
(CDC, 1998)
Boredom/lack of mental stimulation
(CDC, 1998)
Co-substance abuse (eg alcoholism)
(CDC, 1998)
Self esteem
Personality
Higher neuroticism and extraversion lower conscientiousness in smokers
(Choi et al., 2022)
Low interpersonal skills
(CDC, 1998)
Unable to assert feelings or deny tobacco offers
Attitudes
(CDC, 1998)
"Smoking is normal"
Smoking serves a functional purpose
Low self esteem/pessimistic attitudes
Low self efficacy
(CDC, 1998)
Unable to stop tobacco use
Stress, Depression, Anxiety
Social
Low income/unemployment
Causes stress, boredom, etc- associated with smoking (Hitchman et al., 2014)
Poor housing
Geographically low socioeconomic areas linked to smoking
(Hitchman et al., 2014)
Family
Family support
Upbringing (neglectful, nurturing, etc)
Exposure to tobacco in family setting
Family attitudes
Peers/friends
Healthy vs. harmful relationship
Compliance and Conformity (normative and informational social influence)
Exposure to tobacco in peer settings
Job position
Certain jobs (trade workers, mangers, assembly workers) have higher rates of employee smoking
Stress, normative social influence
Culture
Some cultures/regions, namely Europe, endorse smoking as a regular practice
(Eurostat, 2021)
Access to public health services
Decreased awareness and availability of preventative measures
Availability of tobacco products
Sporting events
Art galleries, museums, social events endorsed by tobacco campaigns
Social gatherings
Family, friends
Academic invovlement
Academic and school success and involvement correlated with decreased risk of tobacco smoking
(Kendler et al., 2020)
Marketing of tobacco products
Central vs peripheral routes to persuasion
Targeted marketing to demographics via relevant platforms
Cultural marketing (brand deals, clothing, celebrity ambassadors, etc)