Physics

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Thermal

Light

Chemical potential

Electrical

Sound

P1 and P2

Vector and scalar quantities

Kinetic

Gravitational potential

Elastic Potential

Acceleration

Nuclear potential

Stopping Distances and Reaction Times

Acceleration is the change in velocity in a certain amount of time
You can find average acceleration using: A = (v-u) / t

Vector Quantities: Have a magnitude (size) and a direction. E.g. Force, velocity, displacement, weight, acceleration, momentum, ect.

Scalar Quantities: Only have a magnitude (size) and no direction. E.g. Speed, distance, mass, energy, temperature, time, ect.

Distance is just how far an object has moved. It's a scalar quantity so it doesn’t involve direction.

Displacement is a vector quantity. It measures the distance and direction in a straight line from an objects starting point to its finishing point.

Speed and velocity both measure how fast you are going, but speed is a scalar and velocity is a vector.

Law of conservation of energy: Energy can not be created or destroyed, only transferred from one store to another

Stopping distance = Thinking distance + Braking distance

The longer it takes for a car to stop after seeing a hazard, the higher the risk of crashing.

The thinking distance is the distance the car travels in the driver's reaction time.

The braking distance is the distance taken to stop once the brakes haves been applied.

Efficiency- The efficiency of a device is the proportion (%) of energy transferred into useful forms

Efficiency formula- Efficiency (%) = (useful energy transferred by the device / total energy supplied to
the device) x 100

Period - The period of a wave is the time taken to complete one oscillation (vibration).

Frequency - Frequency is the number of oscillations (vibrations) per second.

Wave speed - wave speed = frequency x wavelength

There are three ways energy is transferred conduction, convection and radiation

Waves at a boundary - When waves travel from one medium to another, their speed and wavelength change but their frequency stays the same.

Gravitational potential energy (J) = mass (kg) x gravitational field strength
(N/kg) x vertical height from ground (m)

Frequency is unchanged - The frequency of the wave does not change because the source is producing the same number of oscillations (vibrations) per second.

Refraction of light - Light is refracted when it travels from one medium to another and changes speed.

kinetic energy (J) = ½ x mass (kg) x (velocity) 2 (m/s 2 )

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EM spectrum

William Herschel discovered infrared radiationby using prims to split up the sunlight ino a spectrum of colors. He then placed thermometers to see which colour had the most heat. He discovered that violet had the lowest temperature and that red was the highest but was then surprised that outside the boundary of the red was even hotter.