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GEO SCHOLARSHIP, Future Focuses of Urban Growth, Past Urbanisation -…

- - - - Leads to either prevalence of outlying business districts or intensification near pre-existing centres of function
- - - - Compaction of urban form
      - Connected corridors
      - Walkable cities
- - - - Look for modern equivalent of walls of city
- - - - GLobal capitalist economy concentrates production and consumption in locations that
        
        Offer best economies of scale
        
        Provide greatest opportunities for industrial linkage
        
        Give maximum effectiveness and least cost in terms of control over sources of supply
- - - - Located along transportation access and nodal points
        
        Seaports
        
        Major inland rivers
        
        Great Lakes
      - Raw materials found in regional hinterlands, periphery areas draw resources into concentric centre
        
        Cities became centres of industry, spatially dispersed concentrations of resources available
      - Migrant stream, export possibilities and transport nodes concentrate wealth on coastal regions
        
        South and Midwest remained predominantly rural, functioning as periphery regions supplying resources
      - Pace of urbanisation increased following Civil War
        
        Trains as predominant. transport method, developed linear expansion , and urban regions in rail hubs
        
        Driven by economical mass production of steel, innovation opens gateways
        
        Immigration from Europe continued to bolster population growth
        
        1900 - flow of people to cities increased further
        
        Rural-urban migration as a result of agricultural advancement
        
        Regional sepcialization of agricultural production, comparative advantage
        
        Environmental conditions
        
        Great Depression and WW2 formed watershed, which separated the previous era of urban dymaics from the current
        
        Rapid increase in automobile ownership
        
        Creation of modern mortgage loan
        
        Spending curtailed by Great Depression
        
        Build-up of personal savings, contributed to booming post war economy
        
        Migration by veterans and urban residents to areas of higher comparative advantage
        
        Mass suburbanisation around older cities gained prominence
        
        Improved highway system allowed commute from outside municipal boundaries
        
        Large scale, multilane roads
        
        Increasing blue and white collar workforce in middle class able to afford single family residences away from centre
        
        Suburbs bridged urban and rural lifestyles as a form of intermediate
        
        1970 - Manafacturing employment drastically suffered
        
        Urban centre lost competitive advantage
        
        Surbubs grew in linear fashion between outlying settlements and urban centres along main highways
        
        Also sometimes followed 'leapfrog' pattern, bypassing regions due to environmental, ownership, or cultural limters
- - - - Is shrinking
- - - - New urban area filling up gaps between exiting urban areas
    - - New urban area spreading unidirectionally in more or less parallel strips from the urban edge
    - - New urban area that has no spatial connection with existing urban areas
- - - - Suggested that this will relieve pressures on Jakarta by population
      - Allowing fresh start, with sustainable city, comparative adv., new urban planning techniques
      - Joko Widodo - " The main goal is to build a new smart city, a new city that is competitive at th global level, to build a new locomotive for the transformation ... towards an Indonesia based on innovation and technology"
      - Skeptics worry about environmental impact, destruction of habitat of a rainforest containing unique biodiversity
      - Others are concerned about the devotion of US $38 billion during a global pandemic and political crisis
- - - - Drive by both migration and natural growth
        
        Natural growth easier and more long term to facilitate
        
        Migration patterns change rapidly and require a more immediate response
    - - Success is dependent on how prosperity is shared
      - Significant levels of socioeconomic deprivation in distinct geographic regions
    - - Much of appeal based on natural environment
        
        Harbours, beaches, coastlines, islands
        
        Part of cultural heirtgage and identity
        
        Are vulnerable to increasing urban intensification and human activity
      - Prevention of expansion into rural productive farming regions
  - - - prevent rural fragmentation or development into rural hinterland
      - Maintain rural productivity and character
- - - - Economic growth
      - Globalisation
    - - Increased affluence
      - Desire for larger homes + amenities
      - Attractive land and housing prices
    - - Weak planning laws
      - Single use zoning
        
        Also known as Euclidean zoning
        
        Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company
        
        Discourages dvt. of walkable communities
        
        Segmentation and desperation of housing with stores, schools, and employment regions
        
        Increased reliance on automobile
  - - - Standardisation of home design on fringe to reduce costs by economies of scale
        
        Partly due to globalisation - import of resources from other nations
        
        Little identity or character to new development, loss of urban character could halt development and cause decay once the rate of urbanisation slows
      - Ubiquitous retail chains often first to move into newly developed areas, leave little room for small businesses - hidden or unable to compete
    - - Magnitude of infrastructure investment
        
        Redirection of tax revenue to urban fringe
        
        Decrease in quality and maintenance of existing regions
        
        Tax increase in older neighbourhoods
        
        Suburban residents pay more for energy, water, infrastructure, resources, etc.
      - Economic stratification by segregation of wealthier residents with Euclidean zoning
    - - Automobile reliance
        
        Congestion
        
        Auto related pollution
      - Innefficient land use and consumption of surrounding rural areas and environment
        
        Inefficient use of natural resources
        
        Flood risks - impervious surfaces, storm drains and channels
        
        Wild life affected, habitat destruction
      - Exurban regions consume more energy per capita than high density counterparts
        
        Exurban - affluent residential community beyond suburbs
  - - - Leads to decay of central cities
      - In China, inner cities still keep rposperous
        
        Inner city attracts wealthier residents due to better environment and perfection of public services
- - - - Decrease # of workers required
      - Drives velocity of migration in developing nations, which are just now transitioning
    - - Concentration of wealth creations
        
        Natural pull towards these centres
      - Specialisation of workforce
    - - Effected by media and internet
    - - Cities facilitate wealth creation via scale, network effects, productivity, and efficiency gains
      - Concentrated wealth creation attracts people and feeds wealth aspiration created by inequalities
        
        Cumulative causation, as more people intensifies wealth creation
  - - - Demand for infrastructure to support greater populations and larger cities
      - Must be done in a sustainable and efficient fashion
    - - Compete to build and manage large dwellings
    - - Sell goods and services dependent on spatial and lifestyle patterns of urban regions :
- - - - Due to availability and possibility of wealth presented by the density of cities
      - Social aspiration for wealth intesnified by communications technology and media portrayal of wealth
        
        Rural-urban migrants presented with hope and opportunity, albeit somewhat false, that they can bridge the wealth gap
        
        Problem not helped by the drastic wealth disparity in relatively close regions i.e. São Paulo, whereby the physical proximity of wealth presents a proximity of wealth in the life path of migrants
        
        Social aspiration for specific entertainment, facilities and lifestyle aspects exacerbated by media as well, urban lifestyle idolised and attractive to prospecting rural migrants
      - Increasing efficiency of rural functions and the slow development in such regions fosters lower quality of life, in most regions (NZ exception)
- - - - Potentially establishes an urban transmission cycle
      - Informal settlements breeding ground for diseases due to poor infrastructure and hygiene
        
        Live near stagnant water
      - Poor food quality and. hygiene, leads to salmonella outbreaks
      - Animals and insects serve as efficient vectors in urban environments
    - - Overnutrition and obesity also a significant problem
        
        Lack of energy use in urban environments contributes to obesity
        
        Mass production of food for urban settings leads to prevalence of processed foods and cheap fats and oils, contributing to diseases like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, etc.
      - Populations that suffer from protein energy malnutrition are more susceptible to disease and infection
        
        places pressure on workforce, settlements and medical infrastructure
- - - - trap atmospheric pollutants, increase frequency of thunderstorms and hailstorms
- - - - increased consumption is a function of urban labor markets, wages, and household structure.