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Parkison's diseases Substantia-Nigra-and-Dopamine-producing-cells (1)…
Parkison's diseases Substantia-Nigra-and-Dopamine-producing-cells (1)
Definition
Is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects your movement.
Symptoms
Writing may appear small and difficult
Speech changes, speaking quickly, slur or softly.
Loss of automatic movements
Impaired posture and balance
Rigid muscles
Slowed movement
Causes
Genes
Environmental triggers
Risk factors
Exposure to toxins
Heredity
Age
Gender, men are more at risk
Diagnostic tests
Physical examination
Medical history
Neurological examination
Pathophysiology
Death of dopaminergic neurons as a result of changes in biological activity in the brain with respect to Parkinson's disease
There are several proposed mechanisms for neuronal death in PD; however, not all of them are well understood
Nursing care plan
Nursing diagnosis
Ineffective Airway Clearance
May be related to
parkinsonian changes in musculature
Aspiration
Infection
bronchospasm
Possible evidence by
dyspnea
tachypnea
bradypnea
increased breathing effort
Nursing Interventions
Observe patient and assess energy level and endurance, and how these affect respiratory status
Assess respiratory status for rate, depth, ease, use of accessory muscles, and work of breathing
Auscultate the lung fields for the presence of wheezes, crackles, rhonchi, or decreased breath sounds.
Administer oxygen as ordered. Monitor oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry
Turn the patient every 2 hours
References
Hornykiewicz O. The discovery of dopamine deficiency in the parkinsonian brain. Journal of Neural Transmission Supplementum. 2006; doi:10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_3.
Loscalzo J, et al., eds. Parkinson's disease. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 21st ed. McGraw Hill; 2022.
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
. Accessed April 4, 2022.
Ferri FF. Parkinson disease. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Elsevier; 2022.
https://www.clinicalkey.com
. Accessed April 4, 2022.
Complications
Thinking difficulties
Depression and emotional changes
Swallowing problems
Eating and chewing problems
Bladder problem
Neurological
Disorders