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APUSH, America Expands and the Lead up to the Civil War, Ken Burns The…

- - - - founded by Puritan separatists (Pilgrims)
      - focus on religion over profit
      - land-owning male to vote
      - willing to listen to natives
        
        taught how to fish, farm, hunt
    - - proof that New England model was spreading in NA
      - small communities of farmer families
      - agriculture and timber for profit
      - government tied to MA
    - - escape religious persecution in MA
        
        anyone not Puritan/Protestant (Quakers, Jews, Catholics)
      - originally settled by Dutch, New Netherlands
    - - replicate Puritan religious society in MA
      - representative gov created first constitution - Fundamental Order (1638)
  - - - created w/ goal of profit (almost led to demise)
        
        searched for gold instead of planting crops
        
        men outnumbered women (families couldn't grow)
        
        fought w/ natives
        
        80% gone within first few years
      - Jamestown area
      - began planting tobacco 1612
      - first representative gov in New World (House of Burgesses)
      - tobacco and indentured servants
    - - ruled by Lord Baltimore
      - created for religious freedom (Baltimore was Catholic)
      - protestants overthrew the government and replaced it w/ one similar to Virginia
      - turned to tobacco and slavery
      - persecuted non-protestants
    - - Charleston became successful because it was close to Caribbean points of trade
      - massive plantations w/ tobacco, indigo, rice
    - - buffer between Colonies and Spanish Florida
      - plantations and slavery
- - - - search for gold
      - find passage through Americas to Indies
      - relied on indians for food
      - Pocahontas
      - eventually wanted to expand and take land
    - - cultivated tobacco
      - heavily reliant on one crop
      - tobacco created need for plantation system
      - tobacco started slave trade
      - established first representative self-government
    - - founded as refuge for Catholics
      - Catholics discriminated against in England
      - protestant English would only if they got land
      - relied on tobacco and indentured servants
    - - founded on sugar
      - needed mass importation of black slaves
      - sugar super labor intensive
      - sugar crowded out other crops, Caribbean dependent on North for resources
  - - - Chesapeake - tobacco
        Middle Colonies - "bread basket" 80% grain
        North - shipbuilding, fishing + whaling
        South - cotton, indigo, rice
      - New England, New York, Pennsylvania big commerce
    - - exports to Euro went through GB
      - Americas wanted Euro products
      - Euro decreasing demand for Americas raw materials
      - Americas sought other foreign markets
- - - - believed himself God's man on earth
      - undivided South wanted him to hang
      - raided a federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia which was a major driver of the Civil War
    - - Abraham Lincoln - restrict slavery, not abolish it
      - Lincoln's election sparked the south to call for secession
      - North wanted a union, South wanted their own confederacy
      - confederate constitution
        
        president line item veto
        
        6 year term
        
        outlawed international slave trade
    - - started at Fort Sumpter (south won)
      - Revolutionary War while keeping slavery sewed seeds of Civil War
    - - South had less people and less machinery
- - - - began founding black schools in 1880s
      - most famous was Tuskegee Institute
    - - first black graduate of Harvard
      - co-founder of NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
      - invented first fertilizers
  - - - provides land for K-12 and later big universties
      - landed vast amounts of public land for education
    - - funding for at least one university in each state
      - led to establishment of UNM
      - established "University of..." colleges
    - - established agricultural college systems like NMSU
      - train american farmers in best practices
- - - - teach immigrants essential communication
      - teach social customs and provide place to stay
      - became hotbeds for feminist movement
- - - - defeat the confederate states of America
      - finish the Emancipation of America's slaves
      - federal rights over states rights
    - - peace w/ confederacy
      - not in favor of abolition and saw the Emancipation Proclamation as a political stunt
      - federal rights over states rights
    - - supports abolition (only supported by 40% north)
      - high casualties in war (he's painted as grim reaper)
      - he sanctioned burning of Shenandoah valley
- - - - The 7 Days Campaign
        
        Lee attacked the Union army directly w/ 90k men vs Union's 100k
        
        Union army gets destroyed and McClellan asks Lincoln for 300k men
        
        Union defeated 5 battles in a row
      - Why did Lee attack?
        
        if Lee abandoned the capital, the confederate gov might've collapsed
        
        if he stayed, the Union could use their bigger artillery to destroy the Confederate army
        
        by attacking, he could pick ground to attack on (uphill advantage)
      - defend, fight, or flee Richmond (capitol of Confederacy)
      - prevented union capture of Virginia
    - - Northern press beginning to doubt Lincoln
      - pushed Union forces within 6mi of Washington D.C.
      - Lee defeated Union forces
    - - new Union Commander Ambrose Burnside
      - confederates lose 4k men vs union 12k
      - "Lincoln appoints another loser to Union army" - Lincoln's approval rating plummets
    - - new Union leader Hooker, tries to outsmart Lee but fails
      - Lee's masterpiece, Union army caught between Lee and General Stonewall Jackson
      - 17k Union losses
      - beginning of end for Confederacy - Stonewall Jackson killed in battle
    - - ends the use of wooden sail ships in war
      - established iron clads as primary sea fighters
    - - first real battle of the Civil War
      - fought in Virginia
  - - - Lincoln announces Emancipation proclamation
        
        all states in rebellion will have slaves set free @ year end
        
        ends threat of foreign involvement (already abolished slavery)
        
        made war about slavery
      - stalemate but Union claimed victory
    - - Lee will invade North
        
        scorched earth tactics on way to PA
        
        after PA, go to Washington D.C.
      - Confederacy chose Gettysburg because they heard it had lots of shoes (they were short on shoes)
      - first major victory for Union army in east
      - turning point of war
      - last offensive campaign Lee ever fights
    - - secured Mississippi for Union
      - cuts TX, LA, and AR off from confederacy (cuts it in half)
      - success for Union general Grant (shatters belief that Lee is invincible)
    - - scorched earth policy in western VA (not WV)
      - scorched earth previously used against Native Americans
      - Shenandoah valley provided 50% of food to VA army
    - - Confederate army fled Atlanta and Union army burned it to the ground
      - boosted Lincoln's approval from 32% to 50+%
    - - John Bell Hood unpopular general - entire confederate army of the west goes home
      - only army left is army of Northern VA (trapped in Richmond)
    - - after burning of Atlanta, Sherman marched 37 days to the Georgia City of Savannah Georgia
      - massive destruction (burned every town, farm, plantation, etc.)
    - - TX tried to take over NM
    - - both sides realize how bloody the war will be
      - killed confederate general Albert Syndney Johnson
- - - - produced 60% cotton in world
      - previously exported to North for manufacture into cloth
      - South realized that they should manufacture their own textiles
      - labor
        
        blacks restricted from certain industries
        
        considered skilled labor
        
        used kids
  - - - closed shop - employees tell community to not buy from a business (method of boycott); initially successful w/ smaller businesses
      - led to OSHA - occupation health and safety administration
      - got Sundays off
- - - - republicans locked in Northern states, Democrats locked in South
      - the 20th president
      - Republican James A. Garfield won
  - - - all civil servants must take a test
        
        banned appointments by gov officials
        
        banned civil servants from giving campaign donations to politicians
      - first attempt to get rid of corruption
  - - - no problem appointing former confederate officers & officials
      - fires 2/3 of federal bureau for corruption
      - Veteran Pension Reforms
        
        previously pensions given to confederate soldiers, deserters, etc. (people collecting pensions that shouldn't)
        
        wasn't successful
        
        created political turmoil
      - Tariff reductions that harmed norther industrialists
        
        wanted to help American farmers
        
        up against extremely wealthy industrialists (Carnegie, etc.)
  - - - expanded Veteran pensions
      - increased government tariffs
      - republican corruption continued
    - - tariffs incentivize domestic production (American manufacturers can maintain high prices)
      - increased tariffs on manufactured goods to 48.9% (new costs on American farmers)
      - American farmers had to sell on low profit margins
    - - first major union strike
      - 12 hour work days, low pay at Homestead steel mill
      - 10 dead, 60 wounded (police force)
      - entire police force captured
    - - formed from farm communities in the West, Great Plains, South
      - platform
        
        abolish electoral college and direct elections
        
        graduated income tax
        
        nationalization of railroads, telegraphs, and early telephone systems
        
        return to silver coin conversion rate of 16/1 gold coin
        
        direct election of senators
        
        4 year term limit for president
        
        restrict immigration
        
        shorter work week