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Types of Medicine Andrea Ochoa Zuluaga (A01660137) - Coggle Diagram
Types of Medicine
Andrea Ochoa Zuluaga (A01660137)
Empirical Medicine
(Based on experience and magical beliefs)
Medicines that have been found randomly and found to be useful. No scientific tests or results.
Interpretations derived from magical mentality
Assumes existence of supernatural forces
Everything in the world is result of a super natural force
Certain individuals have the power to contact with another world
Supernatural forces can be manipulated with certain rituals
Original forms
Prehistoric Medicine
Primitive medicine
Disease prevention is attempted in several different ways
Performing ceremonies or rituals of purification
Adhering to prohibitions or taboos
Possesing objects endowed with magical power
Fetish
Amulet
Talisman
Popular medicines of undeducated people
Contain certain cultural, universal symbolic, magical and religious character
Interpretations of disease and traditional healing methods transmitted orally.
Express peculiarities of each culture.
Mixture of primitive medicine, ancient classical medicine and poorly assimilated technology.
Systematic forms
Archaic medicines: Archaic civilization of Egypt and near the east.
Non validated medical practices: alternative medicine
Rational and scientific medicine
(Incorporating some scientific basis, although the previous two may persist)
Scientific speculative medicines
Classical asian medicines
Chinese medicine
It's main therapeutic resources are accupunture and herbal medicines.
Circular channels that run through the body and conduct a kind of energy or vital force called "qi". The alteration in the flow of this energy originate the diseases.
Accupunture consists of inserting needles in specific points of the skin, along the meridians, to correct the altered flow of this "vital energy".
People in China believed that the original state of the universe was Qi and that the variation of Qi produced two poles or forces: yin and yang
Traditional medicine was the only form of medicine practiced in China until 1840
A quarter of China's medical schools are devoted to its teaching. One-sixth of Chinese doctors are exclusively traditional. 40% of medical prescriptions are traditional. Patients can choose one medicine or another.
Traditional medicine coexists with western medicine
Hindu medicine
Rational western medicine
Classical greek medicine
Scientific-speculative medicine
Supernatural explanations of illnesses began to be replaced with natural explanations
Artisanal medicine became philosophy. Medical art based on scientific knowledge.
Some say medicine is a knowledge derived from philosophy.
It is not possible to know medicine without knowing what the man is first.
Aristotle: Philosophy must be transplanted to medicine and medicine to philosophy.
Roman medicine
Byzantine medicine
Arab medicine
Medieval medicine
Aryuvedic medicine
Traditional indian medicine
Yoga
Use of turmeric, ginger, cinnamon
Experimental scientific medicine
Contemporary medicine
Main objective of the doctors at the beginning of the Contemporary Age was to turn medicine into a true natural science.
The three Great medical mentalities of the 19th century
Anatomo-clinical
The School of Paris, beginning of the 19th century, developed a research program consisting of “correlating clinical observations and examinations with autopsy findings”. Bichat (1771-1802), one of the most illustrious representatives of this school, proclaimed the slogan: “Medicine has long been rejected from the slot of exact sciences ... It will be exact science when clinical observations have been correlated with anatomical lesions”.
Affirming that the disease resides in an anatomical lesion.
There was very little it could say about altered functional processes, or about the causes of the diseases.
Pathophysiological
Mid-nineteenth century, German universities approached laboratory research to the study of clinical problems.
organic functions and dysfunctions began to be studied with the methods of physics and chemistry.
Only experimentation combined with observation can make pathology what it should be, an exact science.
Experimental laboratories began to be set up next to the clinical hospitals. And new diseases consisting of functional alterations were defined, along with new procedures to diagnose them.
A disease consists of a functional alteration.
Etiopathological
Last third of the 19th century. Development of microbiology and toxicology set a new mentality that is interested in discovering the causes of diseases.
Disease as the result of the action of an external, microbial, or toxic agent. Disease is caused by an infection.
The three "mentalities" have ended up integrating and complementing each other. Today, form the strongest scientific core of medical practice.
Additions to these in the 20th century: studies on the constitution and genetic inheritance, psychopathology, psychosomatic medicine, and social pathology.
Scientific method
Observe
Ask a question
Make a hypothesis
Make predictions based on the hypotheses
Test
Use results to make more predictions
Evidence hierarchies
-- Sistematic reviews
--- Randomized controlled
---- Cohort studies
----- Case controlled studies
------- Case series, case reports
-------- Editorials, expert opinion
